#include "blaswrap.h" #include "f2c.h" /* Subroutine */ int dtgsna_(char *job, char *howmny, logical *select, integer *n, doublereal *a, integer *lda, doublereal *b, integer *ldb, doublereal *vl, integer *ldvl, doublereal *vr, integer *ldvr, doublereal *s, doublereal *dif, integer *mm, integer *m, doublereal * work, integer *lwork, integer *iwork, integer *info) { /* -- LAPACK routine (version 3.1) -- Univ. of Tennessee, Univ. of California Berkeley and NAG Ltd.. November 2006 Purpose ======= DTGSNA estimates reciprocal condition numbers for specified eigenvalues and/or eigenvectors of a matrix pair (A, B) in generalized real Schur canonical form (or of any matrix pair (Q*A*Z', Q*B*Z') with orthogonal matrices Q and Z, where Z' denotes the transpose of Z. (A, B) must be in generalized real Schur form (as returned by DGGES), i.e. A is block upper triangular with 1-by-1 and 2-by-2 diagonal blocks. B is upper triangular. Arguments ========= JOB (input) CHARACTER*1 Specifies whether condition numbers are required for eigenvalues (S) or eigenvectors (DIF): = 'E': for eigenvalues only (S); = 'V': for eigenvectors only (DIF); = 'B': for both eigenvalues and eigenvectors (S and DIF). HOWMNY (input) CHARACTER*1 = 'A': compute condition numbers for all eigenpairs; = 'S': compute condition numbers for selected eigenpairs specified by the array SELECT. SELECT (input) LOGICAL array, dimension (N) If HOWMNY = 'S', SELECT specifies the eigenpairs for which condition numbers are required. To select condition numbers for the eigenpair corresponding to a real eigenvalue w(j), SELECT(j) must be set to .TRUE.. To select condition numbers corresponding to a complex conjugate pair of eigenvalues w(j) and w(j+1), either SELECT(j) or SELECT(j+1) or both, must be set to .TRUE.. If HOWMNY = 'A', SELECT is not referenced. N (input) INTEGER The order of the square matrix pair (A, B). N >= 0. A (input) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDA,N) The upper quasi-triangular matrix A in the pair (A,B). LDA (input) INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N). B (input) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDB,N) The upper triangular matrix B in the pair (A,B). LDB (input) INTEGER The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= max(1,N). VL (input) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVL,M) If JOB = 'E' or 'B', VL must contain left eigenvectors of (A, B), corresponding to the eigenpairs specified by HOWMNY and SELECT. The eigenvectors must be stored in consecutive columns of VL, as returned by DTGEVC. If JOB = 'V', VL is not referenced. LDVL (input) INTEGER The leading dimension of the array VL. LDVL >= 1. If JOB = 'E' or 'B', LDVL >= N. VR (input) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVR,M) If JOB = 'E' or 'B', VR must contain right eigenvectors of (A, B), corresponding to the eigenpairs specified by HOWMNY and SELECT. The eigenvectors must be stored in consecutive columns ov VR, as returned by DTGEVC. If JOB = 'V', VR is not referenced. LDVR (input) INTEGER The leading dimension of the array VR. LDVR >= 1. If JOB = 'E' or 'B', LDVR >= N. S (output) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (MM) If JOB = 'E' or 'B', the reciprocal condition numbers of the selected eigenvalues, stored in consecutive elements of the array. For a complex conjugate pair of eigenvalues two consecutive elements of S are set to the same value. Thus S(j), DIF(j), and the j-th columns of VL and VR all correspond to the same eigenpair (but not in general the j-th eigenpair, unless all eigenpairs are selected). If JOB = 'V', S is not referenced. DIF (output) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (MM) If JOB = 'V' or 'B', the estimated reciprocal condition numbers of the selected eigenvectors, stored in consecutive elements of the array. For a complex eigenvector two consecutive elements of DIF are set to the same value. If the eigenvalues cannot be reordered to compute DIF(j), DIF(j) is set to 0; this can only occur when the true value would be very small anyway. If JOB = 'E', DIF is not referenced. MM (input) INTEGER The number of elements in the arrays S and DIF. MM >= M. M (output) INTEGER The number of elements of the arrays S and DIF used to store the specified condition numbers; for each selected real eigenvalue one element is used, and for each selected complex conjugate pair of eigenvalues, two elements are used. If HOWMNY = 'A', M is set to N. WORK (workspace/output) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK)) On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK. LWORK (input) INTEGER The dimension of the array WORK. LWORK >= max(1,N). If JOB = 'V' or 'B' LWORK >= 2*N*(N+2)+16. If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA. IWORK (workspace) INTEGER array, dimension (N + 6) If JOB = 'E', IWORK is not referenced. INFO (output) INTEGER =0: Successful exit <0: If INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Further Details =============== The reciprocal of the condition number of a generalized eigenvalue w = (a, b) is defined as S(w) = (|u'Av|**2 + |u'Bv|**2)**(1/2) / (norm(u)*norm(v)) where u and v are the left and right eigenvectors of (A, B) corresponding to w; |z| denotes the absolute value of the complex number, and norm(u) denotes the 2-norm of the vector u. The pair (a, b) corresponds to an eigenvalue w = a/b (= u'Av/u'Bv) of the matrix pair (A, B). If both a and b equal zero, then (A B) is singular and S(I) = -1 is returned. An approximate error bound on the chordal distance between the i-th computed generalized eigenvalue w and the corresponding exact eigenvalue lambda is chord(w, lambda) <= EPS * norm(A, B) / S(I) where EPS is the machine precision. The reciprocal of the condition number DIF(i) of right eigenvector u and left eigenvector v corresponding to the generalized eigenvalue w is defined as follows: a) If the i-th eigenvalue w = (a,b) is real Suppose U and V are orthogonal transformations such that U'*(A, B)*V = (S, T) = ( a * ) ( b * ) 1 ( 0 S22 ),( 0 T22 ) n-1 1 n-1 1 n-1 Then the reciprocal condition number DIF(i) is Difl((a, b), (S22, T22)) = sigma-min( Zl ), where sigma-min(Zl) denotes the smallest singular value of the 2(n-1)-by-2(n-1) matrix Zl = [ kron(a, In-1) -kron(1, S22) ] [ kron(b, In-1) -kron(1, T22) ] . Here In-1 is the identity matrix of size n-1. kron(X, Y) is the Kronecker product between the matrices X and Y. Note that if the default method for computing DIF(i) is wanted (see DLATDF), then the parameter DIFDRI (see below) should be changed from 3 to 4 (routine DLATDF(IJOB = 2 will be used)). See DTGSYL for more details. b) If the i-th and (i+1)-th eigenvalues are complex conjugate pair, Suppose U and V are orthogonal transformations such that U'*(A, B)*V = (S, T) = ( S11 * ) ( T11 * ) 2 ( 0 S22 ),( 0 T22) n-2 2 n-2 2 n-2 and (S11, T11) corresponds to the complex conjugate eigenvalue pair (w, conjg(w)). There exist unitary matrices U1 and V1 such that U1'*S11*V1 = ( s11 s12 ) and U1'*T11*V1 = ( t11 t12 ) ( 0 s22 ) ( 0 t22 ) where the generalized eigenvalues w = s11/t11 and conjg(w) = s22/t22. Then the reciprocal condition number DIF(i) is bounded by min( d1, max( 1, |real(s11)/real(s22)| )*d2 ) where, d1 = Difl((s11, t11), (s22, t22)) = sigma-min(Z1), where Z1 is the complex 2-by-2 matrix Z1 = [ s11 -s22 ] [ t11 -t22 ], This is done by computing (using real arithmetic) the roots of the characteristical polynomial det(Z1' * Z1 - lambda I), where Z1' denotes the conjugate transpose of Z1 and det(X) denotes the determinant of X. and d2 is an upper bound on Difl((S11, T11), (S22, T22)), i.e. an upper bound on sigma-min(Z2), where Z2 is (2n-2)-by-(2n-2) Z2 = [ kron(S11', In-2) -kron(I2, S22) ] [ kron(T11', In-2) -kron(I2, T22) ] Note that if the default method for computing DIF is wanted (see DLATDF), then the parameter DIFDRI (see below) should be changed from 3 to 4 (routine DLATDF(IJOB = 2 will be used)). See DTGSYL for more details. For each eigenvalue/vector specified by SELECT, DIF stores a Frobenius norm-based estimate of Difl. An approximate error bound for the i-th computed eigenvector VL(i) or VR(i) is given by EPS * norm(A, B) / DIF(i). See ref. [2-3] for more details and further references. Based on contributions by Bo Kagstrom and Peter Poromaa, Department of Computing Science, Umea University, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden. References ========== [1] B. Kagstrom; A Direct Method for Reordering Eigenvalues in the Generalized Real Schur Form of a Regular Matrix Pair (A, B), in M.S. Moonen et al (eds), Linear Algebra for Large Scale and Real-Time Applications, Kluwer Academic Publ. 1993, pp 195-218. [2] B. Kagstrom and P. Poromaa; Computing Eigenspaces with Specified Eigenvalues of a Regular Matrix Pair (A, B) and Condition Estimation: Theory, Algorithms and Software, Report UMINF - 94.04, Department of Computing Science, Umea University, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden, 1994. Also as LAPACK Working Note 87. To appear in Numerical Algorithms, 1996. [3] B. Kagstrom and P. Poromaa, LAPACK-Style Algorithms and Software for Solving the Generalized Sylvester Equation and Estimating the Separation between Regular Matrix Pairs, Report UMINF - 93.23, Department of Computing Science, Umea University, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden, December 1993, Revised April 1994, Also as LAPACK Working Note 75. To appear in ACM Trans. on Math. Software, Vol 22, No 1, 1996. ===================================================================== Decode and test the input parameters Parameter adjustments */ /* Table of constant values */ static integer c__1 = 1; static doublereal c_b19 = 1.; static doublereal c_b21 = 0.; static integer c__2 = 2; static logical c_false = FALSE_; static integer c__3 = 3; /* System generated locals */ integer a_dim1, a_offset, b_dim1, b_offset, vl_dim1, vl_offset, vr_dim1, vr_offset, i__1, i__2; doublereal d__1, d__2; /* Builtin functions */ double sqrt(doublereal); /* Local variables */ static integer i__, k; static doublereal c1, c2; static integer n1, n2, ks, iz; static doublereal eps, beta, cond; extern doublereal ddot_(integer *, doublereal *, integer *, doublereal *, integer *); static logical pair; static integer ierr; static doublereal uhav, uhbv; static integer ifst; static doublereal lnrm; static integer ilst; static doublereal rnrm; extern /* Subroutine */ int dlag2_(doublereal *, integer *, doublereal *, integer *, doublereal *, doublereal *, doublereal *, doublereal *, doublereal *, doublereal *); extern doublereal dnrm2_(integer *, doublereal *, integer *); static doublereal root1, root2, scale; extern logical lsame_(char *, char *); extern /* Subroutine */ int dgemv_(char *, integer *, integer *, doublereal *, doublereal *, integer *, doublereal *, integer *, doublereal *, doublereal *, integer *); static doublereal uhavi, uhbvi, tmpii; static integer lwmin; static logical wants; static doublereal tmpir, tmpri, dummy[1], tmprr; extern doublereal dlapy2_(doublereal *, doublereal *); static doublereal dummy1[1]; extern doublereal dlamch_(char *); static doublereal alphai, alphar; extern /* Subroutine */ int dlacpy_(char *, integer *, integer *, doublereal *, integer *, doublereal *, integer *), xerbla_(char *, integer *), dtgexc_(logical *, logical *, integer *, doublereal *, integer *, doublereal *, integer *, doublereal *, integer *, doublereal *, integer *, integer *, integer *, doublereal *, integer *, integer *); static logical wantbh, wantdf, somcon; static doublereal alprqt; extern /* Subroutine */ int dtgsyl_(char *, integer *, integer *, integer *, doublereal *, integer *, doublereal *, integer *, doublereal *, integer *, doublereal *, integer *, doublereal *, integer *, doublereal *, integer *, doublereal *, doublereal *, doublereal *, integer *, integer *, integer *); static doublereal smlnum; static logical lquery; --select; a_dim1 = *lda; a_offset = 1 + a_dim1; a -= a_offset; b_dim1 = *ldb; b_offset = 1 + b_dim1; b -= b_offset; vl_dim1 = *ldvl; vl_offset = 1 + vl_dim1; vl -= vl_offset; vr_dim1 = *ldvr; vr_offset = 1 + vr_dim1; vr -= vr_offset; --s; --dif; --work; --iwork; /* Function Body */ wantbh = lsame_(job, "B"); wants = lsame_(job, "E") || wantbh; wantdf = lsame_(job, "V") || wantbh; somcon = lsame_(howmny, "S"); *info = 0; lquery = *lwork == -1; if (! wants && ! wantdf) { *info = -1; } else if (! lsame_(howmny, "A") && ! somcon) { *info = -2; } else if (*n < 0) { *info = -4; } else if (*lda < max(1,*n)) { *info = -6; } else if (*ldb < max(1,*n)) { *info = -8; } else if (wants && *ldvl < *n) { *info = -10; } else if (wants && *ldvr < *n) { *info = -12; } else { /* Set M to the number of eigenpairs for which condition numbers are required, and test MM. */ if (somcon) { *m = 0; pair = FALSE_; i__1 = *n; for (k = 1; k <= i__1; ++k) { if (pair) { pair = FALSE_; } else { if (k < *n) { if (a[k + 1 + k * a_dim1] == 0.) { if (select[k]) { ++(*m); } } else { pair = TRUE_; if (select[k] || select[k + 1]) { *m += 2; } } } else { if (select[*n]) { ++(*m); } } } /* L10: */ } } else { *m = *n; } if (*n == 0) { lwmin = 1; } else if (lsame_(job, "V") || lsame_(job, "B")) { lwmin = (*n << 1) * (*n + 2) + 16; } else { lwmin = *n; } work[1] = (doublereal) lwmin; if (*mm < *m) { *info = -15; } else if (*lwork < lwmin && ! lquery) { *info = -18; } } if (*info != 0) { i__1 = -(*info); xerbla_("DTGSNA", &i__1); return 0; } else if (lquery) { return 0; } /* Quick return if possible */ if (*n == 0) { return 0; } /* Get machine constants */ eps = dlamch_("P"); smlnum = dlamch_("S") / eps; ks = 0; pair = FALSE_; i__1 = *n; for (k = 1; k <= i__1; ++k) { /* Determine whether A(k,k) begins a 1-by-1 or 2-by-2 block. */ if (pair) { pair = FALSE_; goto L20; } else { if (k < *n) { pair = a[k + 1 + k * a_dim1] != 0.; } } /* Determine whether condition numbers are required for the k-th eigenpair. */ if (somcon) { if (pair) { if (! select[k] && ! select[k + 1]) { goto L20; } } else { if (! select[k]) { goto L20; } } } ++ks; if (wants) { /* Compute the reciprocal condition number of the k-th eigenvalue. */ if (pair) { /* Complex eigenvalue pair. */ d__1 = dnrm2_(n, &vr[ks * vr_dim1 + 1], &c__1); d__2 = dnrm2_(n, &vr[(ks + 1) * vr_dim1 + 1], &c__1); rnrm = dlapy2_(&d__1, &d__2); d__1 = dnrm2_(n, &vl[ks * vl_dim1 + 1], &c__1); d__2 = dnrm2_(n, &vl[(ks + 1) * vl_dim1 + 1], &c__1); lnrm = dlapy2_(&d__1, &d__2); dgemv_("N", n, n, &c_b19, &a[a_offset], lda, &vr[ks * vr_dim1 + 1], &c__1, &c_b21, &work[1], &c__1); tmprr = ddot_(n, &work[1], &c__1, &vl[ks * vl_dim1 + 1], & c__1); tmpri = ddot_(n, &work[1], &c__1, &vl[(ks + 1) * vl_dim1 + 1], &c__1); dgemv_("N", n, n, &c_b19, &a[a_offset], lda, &vr[(ks + 1) * vr_dim1 + 1], &c__1, &c_b21, &work[1], &c__1); tmpii = ddot_(n, &work[1], &c__1, &vl[(ks + 1) * vl_dim1 + 1], &c__1); tmpir = ddot_(n, &work[1], &c__1, &vl[ks * vl_dim1 + 1], & c__1); uhav = tmprr + tmpii; uhavi = tmpir - tmpri; dgemv_("N", n, n, &c_b19, &b[b_offset], ldb, &vr[ks * vr_dim1 + 1], &c__1, &c_b21, &work[1], &c__1); tmprr = ddot_(n, &work[1], &c__1, &vl[ks * vl_dim1 + 1], & c__1); tmpri = ddot_(n, &work[1], &c__1, &vl[(ks + 1) * vl_dim1 + 1], &c__1); dgemv_("N", n, n, &c_b19, &b[b_offset], ldb, &vr[(ks + 1) * vr_dim1 + 1], &c__1, &c_b21, &work[1], &c__1); tmpii = ddot_(n, &work[1], &c__1, &vl[(ks + 1) * vl_dim1 + 1], &c__1); tmpir = ddot_(n, &work[1], &c__1, &vl[ks * vl_dim1 + 1], & c__1); uhbv = tmprr + tmpii; uhbvi = tmpir - tmpri; uhav = dlapy2_(&uhav, &uhavi); uhbv = dlapy2_(&uhbv, &uhbvi); cond = dlapy2_(&uhav, &uhbv); s[ks] = cond / (rnrm * lnrm); s[ks + 1] = s[ks]; } else { /* Real eigenvalue. */ rnrm = dnrm2_(n, &vr[ks * vr_dim1 + 1], &c__1); lnrm = dnrm2_(n, &vl[ks * vl_dim1 + 1], &c__1); dgemv_("N", n, n, &c_b19, &a[a_offset], lda, &vr[ks * vr_dim1 + 1], &c__1, &c_b21, &work[1], &c__1); uhav = ddot_(n, &work[1], &c__1, &vl[ks * vl_dim1 + 1], &c__1) ; dgemv_("N", n, n, &c_b19, &b[b_offset], ldb, &vr[ks * vr_dim1 + 1], &c__1, &c_b21, &work[1], &c__1); uhbv = ddot_(n, &work[1], &c__1, &vl[ks * vl_dim1 + 1], &c__1) ; cond = dlapy2_(&uhav, &uhbv); if (cond == 0.) { s[ks] = -1.; } else { s[ks] = cond / (rnrm * lnrm); } } } if (wantdf) { if (*n == 1) { dif[ks] = dlapy2_(&a[a_dim1 + 1], &b[b_dim1 + 1]); goto L20; } /* Estimate the reciprocal condition number of the k-th eigenvectors. */ if (pair) { /* Copy the 2-by 2 pencil beginning at (A(k,k), B(k, k)). Compute the eigenvalue(s) at position K. */ work[1] = a[k + k * a_dim1]; work[2] = a[k + 1 + k * a_dim1]; work[3] = a[k + (k + 1) * a_dim1]; work[4] = a[k + 1 + (k + 1) * a_dim1]; work[5] = b[k + k * b_dim1]; work[6] = b[k + 1 + k * b_dim1]; work[7] = b[k + (k + 1) * b_dim1]; work[8] = b[k + 1 + (k + 1) * b_dim1]; d__1 = smlnum * eps; dlag2_(&work[1], &c__2, &work[5], &c__2, &d__1, &beta, dummy1, &alphar, dummy, &alphai); alprqt = 1.; c1 = (alphar * alphar + alphai * alphai + beta * beta) * 2.; c2 = beta * 4. * beta * alphai * alphai; root1 = c1 + sqrt(c1 * c1 - c2 * 4.); root2 = c2 / root1; root1 /= 2.; /* Computing MIN */ d__1 = sqrt(root1), d__2 = sqrt(root2); cond = min(d__1,d__2); } /* Copy the matrix (A, B) to the array WORK and swap the diagonal block beginning at A(k,k) to the (1,1) position. */ dlacpy_("Full", n, n, &a[a_offset], lda, &work[1], n); dlacpy_("Full", n, n, &b[b_offset], ldb, &work[*n * *n + 1], n); ifst = k; ilst = 1; i__2 = *lwork - (*n << 1) * *n; dtgexc_(&c_false, &c_false, n, &work[1], n, &work[*n * *n + 1], n, dummy, &c__1, dummy1, &c__1, &ifst, &ilst, &work[(*n * * n << 1) + 1], &i__2, &ierr); if (ierr > 0) { /* Ill-conditioned problem - swap rejected. */ dif[ks] = 0.; } else { /* Reordering successful, solve generalized Sylvester equation for R and L, A22 * R - L * A11 = A12 B22 * R - L * B11 = B12, and compute estimate of Difl((A11,B11), (A22, B22)). */ n1 = 1; if (work[2] != 0.) { n1 = 2; } n2 = *n - n1; if (n2 == 0) { dif[ks] = cond; } else { i__ = *n * *n + 1; iz = (*n << 1) * *n + 1; i__2 = *lwork - (*n << 1) * *n; dtgsyl_("N", &c__3, &n2, &n1, &work[*n * n1 + n1 + 1], n, &work[1], n, &work[n1 + 1], n, &work[*n * n1 + n1 + i__], n, &work[i__], n, &work[n1 + i__], n, & scale, &dif[ks], &work[iz + 1], &i__2, &iwork[1], &ierr); if (pair) { /* Computing MIN */ d__1 = max(1.,alprqt) * dif[ks]; dif[ks] = min(d__1,cond); } } } if (pair) { dif[ks + 1] = dif[ks]; } } if (pair) { ++ks; } L20: ; } work[1] = (doublereal) lwmin; return 0; /* End of DTGSNA */ } /* dtgsna_ */