%%% -*-BibTeX-*-
%%% ====================================================================
%%%  BibTeX-file{
%%%     author-1        = "Nelson H. F. Beebe",
%%%     author-2        = "Paul McJones",
%%%     version         = "1.04",
%%%     date            = "16 June 2026",
%%%     time            = "10:04:28 MDT",
%%%     filename        = "backus-john-w.bib",
%%%     address-1       = "University of Utah
%%%                        Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB
%%%                        155 S 1400 E RM 233
%%%                        Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090
%%%                        USA",
%%%     address-2       = "Computer History Museum
%%%                        Mountain View, CA
%%%                        USA",
%%%     telephone-1     = "+1 801 581 5254",
%%%     URL             = "https://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe",
%%%     checksum        = "52804 7684 37560 386238",
%%%     email-1         = "beebe at math.utah.edu, beebe at acm.org,
%%%                        beebe at computer.org (Internet)",
%%%     email-2         = "paul at mcjones.org, paul_mcjones at
%%%                        acm.org",
%%%     codetable       = "ISO/ASCII",
%%%     keywords        = "Algol; bibliography; BibTeX; FL; FP; Fortran;
%%%                        functional programming; IBM 701; IBM 704; IBM
%%%                        7030 Stretch; IBM Selective Sequence
%%%                        Electronic Calculator (SSEC); John Warner
%%%                        Backus; Speedcoding",
%%%     license         = "public domain",
%%%     supported       = "yes",
%%%     docstring       = "This is a bibliography of the works of
%%%                        computer scientist John Warner Backus (3
%%%                        December 1924--17 March 2007), and
%%%                        publications by others about him and his
%%%                        works.
%%%
%%%                        This bibliography consists of three parts:
%%%
%%%                            Part 1: Publications by John Backus;
%%%
%%%                            Part 2: Publications by others about John
%%%                                    Backus and his works;
%%%
%%%                            Part 3: Publications by others about the
%%%                                    FL and FP functional programming
%%%                                    languages.
%%%
%%%                        Paul McJones, the co-author of this
%%%                        bibliography, had the privilege of working
%%%                        with John Backus at the IBM Research
%%%                        Laboratory on Cottle Road, San Jose, CA, USA,
%%%                        from March 1974 to June 1975, and provided
%%%                        valuable insights and historical knowledge
%%%                        that significantly enhanced the literature
%%%                        coverage recorded in this bibliography.
%%%
%%%                        John Backus was born in Philadephia, PA, USA.
%%%                        He began his university studies at the
%%%                        University of Virginia in 1942, but left
%%%                        after a year and entered the US Army during
%%%                        World War II. During his Army time, he had
%%%                        stints at the University of Pittsburgh and
%%%                        Haverford College, and a medical school in
%%%                        New York City. He left the Army in 1946,
%%%                        moved to New York City to train as a radio
%%%                        technician, became interested in mathematics,
%%%                        and entered Columbia University, where he
%%%                        earned a Bachelor's degree in 1949, and a
%%%                        Master's degree in 1950.  He joined IBM in
%%%                        September 1950 (shortly before completing his
%%%                        Master's degree), and worked on the
%%%                        one-of-a-kind electro-mechanical Selective
%%%                        Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) in New
%%%                        York City [at Madison Avenue and 57th Street,
%%%                        three blocks from the southeast corner of
%%%                        Central Park], and developed the Speedcoding
%%%                        calculator language for the IBM 701 (entry
%%%                        Backus:1954:ISS).
%%%
%%%                        In early 1954 (see entry Y:1977:JBF), John
%%%                        Backus started a team at IBM to develop a new
%%%                        high-level programming language for the IBM
%%%                        704: FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation). The IBM
%%%                        704 was IBM's first machine with magnetic
%%%                        core memory, and encouraged by Backus, the
%%%                        first with hardware floating-point arithmetic
%%%                        and instruction indexing (entries
%%%                        IBM:1954:SIM and Y:1977:JBF). It was also the
%%%                        first big computer that IBM made a profit on
%%%                        (entry Saphire:1967:IJB).
%%%
%%%                        The first FORTRAN compiler was released in
%%%                        1956, and within a few years, other major
%%%                        computer vendors offered FORTRAN compilers
%%%                        too.  That made FORTRAN the programming
%%%                        language of choice for engineering and
%%%                        scientific computing, and largely eliminated
%%%                        the use of machine-dependent assembly
%%%                        language in those areas.  The wide
%%%                        availability of FORTRAN in the computer
%%%                        market gave it a strong advantage over other
%%%                        programming languages that were often
%%%                        restricted to machines from a single vendor.
%%%
%%%                        John Backus corrects, and clarifies, some of
%%%                        the early history of the development of
%%%                        FORTRAN, and assigns credit to team members,
%%%                        in entry Backus:1980:PAS.
%%%
%%%                        After early versions referred to as FORTRAN I
%%%                        and II, FORTRAN has been formally defined in
%%%                        numerous multiple ANSI and ISO Standards from
%%%                        1966 to 2026, and has an extension called
%%%                        High Performance Fortran.  The versions of
%%%                        1966, 1977, 1990, and 1995 were particularly
%%%                        noteworthy, with compilers named f77, f90,
%%%                        and f95, or variants thereof.
%%%
%%%                        FORTRAN remains a key language in
%%%                        high-performance computing, and the LINPACK
%%%                        matrix and vector operations benchmark has
%%%                        long been used to compare large computers,
%%%                        and rate them in a annually updated list
%%%                        called the TOP 500.  On the vector
%%%                        supercomputers of the 1970s and 1980s,
%%%                        FORTRAN was often the only programming
%%%                        language offered by the vendors (CDC, Convex,
%%%                        Cray, Fujitsu, Hitachi, IBM, NEC, ...).
%%%
%%%                        FORTRAN is supported (as is C and C++) by the
%%%                        OpenMP system, which uses special directives
%%%                        in comments to guide compilers about which
%%%                        portions of the code are preferred for
%%%                        automatic parallel and/or vector optimization
%%%                        on a single machine.
%%%
%%%                        FORTRAN is also supported by the PVM
%%%                        (Parallel Virtual Machine) and MPI (Message
%%%                        Passing Interface) systems that require
%%%                        explicit programmed management of processes
%%%                        running across multiple distributed machines.
%%%
%%%                        The scale of such computations can be
%%%                        enormous: at a supercomputing conference a
%%%                        few years ago, one of the bibliographers
%%%                        attended a talk on a computer simulation of
%%%                        the evolution of the Universe, where the
%%%                        speaker reported that the computation had
%%%                        used two million CPU years of computer time,
%%%                        spread across millions of processors.
%%%
%%%                        Not long after the FORTRAN compiler was
%%%                        completed, John Backus joined the American
%%%                        side of the team that produced Algol 58 and
%%%                        Algol 60.  During the development of the
%%%                        former, he created a useful description of
%%%                        its syntax, known as Backus Normal Form
%%%                        (BNF), that made it easier to write reliable
%%%                        parsers for the language.  Later, Peter Naur
%%%                        at Regnecentralen in Copenhagen, Denmark,
%%%                        improved the notation, and at the suggestion
%%%                        of Donald Knuth in 1964 (entry
%%%                        Knuth:1964:LEB), BNF now is often interpreted
%%%                        as Backus--Naur Form.
%%%
%%%                        BNF was so important for writing compilers
%%%                        for many different programming languages that
%%%                        John Backus received the ACM Turing Award in
%%%                        1977, and Peter Naur was honored with it in
%%%                        2005.
%%%
%%%                        After his work on Algol, John Backus
%%%                        developed a functional programming language,
%%%                        called Red (for Reduction language), that was
%%%                        influenced by Ken Iverson's APL (A
%%%                        Programming Language).  APL requires a
%%%                        special character set that makes it largely
%%%                        unintelligible for programmers used to the
%%%                        notations of FORTRAN and Algol.  While it had
%%%                        a modest user community, perhaps because it
%%%                        was generally available as an interpreter on
%%%                        timesharing systems, it never became a
%%%                        mainstream programming language.  Red was
%%%                        latter renamed FP, and was followed by FL,
%%%                        but FL never left IBM (see entry
%%%                        Aiken:1994:FPD).
%%%
%%%                        John Backus gave his Turing Award lecture
%%%                        about those languages, with the title ``Can
%%%                        Programming be Liberated from the von Neumann
%%%                        Style?'' (entry Backus:1978:CPL).
%%%
%%%                        After 41 years of service, John Backus
%%%                        retired from IBM in 1991.  During his
%%%                        professional life, he became one of the first
%%%                        IBM Fellows (1963), received the McDowell
%%%                        Award (1967) and the National Medal of
%%%                        Science (1975), became a Fellow of the
%%%                        American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1985),
%%%                        and won the Charles Stark Draper Prize (1993)
%%%                        (the highest honor of the National Academy of
%%%                        Engineering (NAE), entries Anonymous:1994:AJB
%%%                        and Lewin:1994:FDR), and the Computer History
%%%                        Museum Fellow Award (1997) (entry
%%%                        Anonymous:2010:JBF).
%%%
%%%                        At IBM, being a Fellow originally meant a
%%%                        year free of other duties for independent
%%%                        research, with some corporate staff support.
%%%                        For John Backus, it was extended to two
%%%                        years, and then made a lifetime benefit.
%%%                        Thus, after his early work on Speedcoding,
%%%                        Fortran, and Algol, he focused mainly on
%%%                        functional programming for most of his
%%%                        remaining career at IBM, a period of another
%%%                        28 years.
%%%
%%%                        At version 1.04, the year coverage looked
%%%                        like this:
%%%
%%%                             1943 (   1)    1971 (   1)    1999 (   1)
%%%                             1944 (   0)    1972 (   4)    2000 (   2)
%%%                             1945 (   0)    1973 (   6)    2001 (   0)
%%%                             1946 (   0)    1974 (   2)    2002 (   0)
%%%                             1947 (   0)    1975 (   5)    2003 (   2)
%%%                             1948 (   0)    1976 (   1)    2004 (   2)
%%%                             1949 (   0)    1977 (   1)    2005 (   0)
%%%                             1950 (   0)    1978 (   7)    2006 (   2)
%%%                             1951 (   0)    1979 (   4)    2007 (   3)
%%%                             1952 (   0)    1980 (   6)    2008 (   1)
%%%                             1953 (   1)    1981 (  11)    2009 (   0)
%%%                             1954 (   6)    1982 (   5)    2010 (   2)
%%%                             1955 (   1)    1983 (   3)    2011 (   1)
%%%                             1956 (   2)    1984 (   2)    2012 (   0)
%%%                             1957 (   2)    1985 (   4)    2013 (   0)
%%%                             1958 (   2)    1986 (   5)    2014 (   0)
%%%                             1959 (   3)    1987 (  16)    2015 (   0)
%%%                             1960 (   6)    1988 (   2)    2016 (   1)
%%%                             1961 (   3)    1989 (   6)    2017 (   1)
%%%                             1962 (   7)    1990 (   6)    2018 (   0)
%%%                             1963 (   4)    1991 (   3)    2019 (   0)
%%%                             1964 (   3)    1992 (   2)    2020 (   0)
%%%                             1965 (   2)    1993 (   5)    2021 (   0)
%%%                             1966 (   5)    1994 (   4)    2022 (   4)
%%%                             1967 (   2)    1995 (   3)    2023 (   0)
%%%                             1968 (   1)    1996 (   2)    2024 (   1)
%%%                             1969 (   1)    1997 (   4)
%%%                             1970 (   1)    1998 (   5)
%%%                             20xx (   2)
%%%
%%%                             Article:         76
%%%                             Book:            36
%%%                             InBook:           1
%%%                             InCollection:     6
%%%                             InProceedings:   28
%%%                             Manual:           5
%%%                             Misc:            20
%%%                             Proceedings:      8
%%%                             TechReport:      19
%%%                             Unpublished:      4
%%%
%%%                             Total entries:  203
%%%
%%%                        Web sites and resources about John W. Backus,
%%%                        Algol, and Fortran, include at least these:
%%%
%%%                            https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL
%%%                            https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programming_language)
%%%                            https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_History_Museum
%%%                            https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Backus
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol-bulletin.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran-forum.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran2.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/hpfortran.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/pvm.bib
%%%
%%%                        The BibNet Project includes bibliographies of
%%%                        several members of the Algol teams, and other
%%%                        researchers who promoted the use of Algol:
%%%
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/f/forsythe-george-elmer.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/h/hoare-c-a-r.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/h/householder-alston-s.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/o/olver-frank-w-j.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/perlis-alan-j.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/reinsch-christian-h.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/stiefel-eduard.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wilkes-maurice-v.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wilkinson-james-hardy.bib
%%%                            https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wirth-niklaus.bib
%%%
%%%                        The checksum field above contains a CRC-16
%%%                        checksum as the first value, followed by the
%%%                        equivalent of the standard UNIX wc (word
%%%                        count) utility output of lines, words, and
%%%                        characters.  This is produced by Robert
%%%                        Solovay's checksum utility.",%
%%  }
%%% ====================================================================

@Preamble{
    "\ifx \undefined \booktitle    \def \booktitle    #1{{{\em #1}}} \fi" #
    "\ifx \undefined \operatorname \def \operatorname #1{{\rm #1}}   \fi"
}

%%% ====================================================================
%%% Acknowledgement abbreviations:

@String{ack-nhfb = "Nelson H. F. Beebe,
                    University of Utah,
                    Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB,
                    155 S 1400 E RM 233,
                    Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090, USA,
                    Tel: +1 801 581 5254,
                    e-mail: \path|beebe@math.utah.edu|,
                            \path|beebe@acm.org|,
                            \path|beebe@computer.org| (Internet),
                    URL: \path|https://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/|"}

@String{ack-pm =   "Paul McJones, Computer History Museum, Mountain View, CA, USA"}

%%% ====================================================================
%%% Journal abbreviations:

@String{j-AM-J-MATH             = "American Journal of Mathematics"}

@String{j-ANN-HIST-COMPUT       = "Annals of the History of Computing"}

@String{j-ANNU-REV-AUTOM-PROGRAM = "Annual Review in Automatic Programming"}

@String{j-BIOMETRISCHE-Z        = "Biometrische Zeitschrift"}

@String{j-BYTE                  = "Byte Magazine"}

@String{j-CACM                  = "Communications of the ACM"}

@String{j-COMP-AUTO             = "Computers and Automation"}

@String{j-COMP-J                = "The Computer Journal"}

@String{j-COMP-LANGS            = "Computer Languages"}

@String{j-COMP-SURV             = "ACM Computing Surveys"}

@String{j-COMPUT-PHYS           = "Computers in Physics"}

@String{j-COMPUTING             = "Computing"}

@String{j-DATAMATION            = "Datamation"}

@String{j-ELEKTRON-DATENVERARB  = "{Elektronische Datenverarbeitung}"}

@String{j-FORM-ASP-COMPUT       = "Formal Aspects of Computing"}

@String{j-FORTRAN-FORUM         = "ACM SIGPLAN FORTRAN Forum"}

@String{j-IBM-JRD               = "IBM Journal of Research and Development"}

@String{j-IEEE-ANN-HIST-COMPUT  = "IEEE Annals of the History of Computing"}

@String{j-IEEE-SPECTRUM         = "IEEE Spectrum"}

@String{j-IEEE-TRANS-ELEC-COMPUT = "IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers"}

@String{j-INF-COMPUT            = "Information and Computation"}

@String{j-INT-J-PARALLEL-PROG   = "International Journal of Parallel
                                  Programming"}

@String{j-J-ACM                 = "Journal of the ACM"}

@String{j-J-COMPUT-PHYS         = "Journal of Computational Physics"}

@String{j-J-SYMBOLIC-LOGIC      = "Journal of Symbolic Logic"}

@String{j-J-SYST-SOFTW          = "The Journal of Systems and Software"}

@String{j-LOGIN                 = ";login: the USENIX Association newsletter"}

@String{j-NATURE                = "Nature"}

@String{j-NORDISK-TIDSKR-INFORM-BEHAND = "Nordisk tidskrift for
                                  informationsbehandling"}

@String{j-NUM-MATH              = "{Numerische Mathematik}"}

@String{j-SCI-COMPUT-PROGRAM    = "Science of Computer Programming"}

@String{j-SCI-PROG              = "Scientific Programming"}

@String{j-SIAM-NEWS             = "SIAM News"}

@String{j-SIGCSE                = "SIGCSE Bulletin (ACM Special Interest Group
                                  on Computer Science Education)"}

@String{j-SIGPLAN               = "ACM SIG{\-}PLAN Notices"}

@String{j-THEOR-COMP-SCI        = "Theoretical Computer Science"}

@String{j-TOPLAS                = "ACM Transactions on Programming
                                  Languages and Systems"}

%%% ====================================================================
%%% Publisher abbreviations:

@String{pub-ACADEMIC            = "Academic Press"}
@String{pub-ACADEMIC:adr        = "New York, USA"}

@String{pub-ACM                 = "ACM Press"}
@String{pub-ACM:adr             = "New York, NY 10036, USA"}

@String{pub-AKADEMIE-VERLAG     = "Akademie-Verlag"}
@String{pub-AKADEMIE-VERLAG:adr = "Berlin, Germany"}

@String{pub-ANSI                = "American National Standards Institute"}
@String{pub-ANSI:adr            = "1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA"}

@String{pub-AW                  = "Ad{\-d}i{\-s}on-Wes{\-l}ey"}
@String{pub-AW:adr              = "Reading, MA, USA"}

@String{pub-BIRKHAUSER-BOSTON   = "Birkh{\"a}user Boston Inc."}
@String{pub-BIRKHAUSER-BOSTON:adr = "Cambridge, MA, USA"}

@String{pub-CAMBRIDGE           = "Cambridge University Press"}
@String{pub-CAMBRIDGE:adr       = "Cambridge, UK"}

@String{pub-CSLI                = "CSLI Publications"}
@String{pub-CSLI:adr            = "Stanford, CA, USA"}

@String{pub-GLOBAL-ENG          = "Global Engineering Documents"}
@String{pub-GLOBAL-ENG:adr      = "Washington, DC, USA"}

@String{pub-GREENWOOD           = "Greenwood Press"}
@String{pub-GREENWOOD:adr       = "88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881, USA"}

@String{pub-HMSO                = "Her Majesty's Stationery Office"}
@String{pub-HMSO:adr            = "London, UK"}

@String{pub-IBM                 = "IBM Corporation"}
@String{pub-IBM:adr             = "New York, NY, USA"}

@String{pub-IEEE                = "IEEE Computer Society Press"}
@String{pub-IEEE:adr            = "1109 Spring Street, Suite 300,
                                  Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}

@String{pub-IRE                 = "Institute of Radio Engineers"}
@String{pub-IRE:adr             = "1 East 79th Street, New York 21, NY, USA"}

@String{pub-ISO                 = "International Organization for
                                  Standardization"}
@String{pub-ISO:adr             = "Geneva, Switzerland"}

@String{pub-MCGRAW-HILL         = "Mc{\-}Graw-Hill"}
@String{pub-MCGRAW-HILL:adr     = "New York, NY, USA"}

@String{pub-MIT                 = "MIT Press"}
@String{pub-MIT:adr             = "Cambridge, MA, USA"}

@String{pub-NORTH-HOLLAND       = "North-Hol{\-}land"}
@String{pub-NORTH-HOLLAND:adr   = "Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}

@String{pub-PERGAMON            = "Pergamon"}
@String{pub-PERGAMON:adr        = "New York, NY, USA and Oxford, UK"}

@String{pub-PH                  = "Pren{\-}tice-Hall"}
@String{pub-PH:adr              = "Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458, USA"}

@String{pub-OLDENBOURG          = "R. Oldenbourg"}
@String{pub-OLDENBOURG:adr      = "M{\"u}nchen, Germany"}

@String{pub-SV                  = "Springer-Verlag"}
@String{pub-SV:adr              = "Berlin, Germany~/ Heidelberg, Germany~/
                                   London, UK~/ etc."}

%%% ====================================================================
%%% Series abbreviations:

@String{ser-LNCS                = "Lecture Notes in Computer Science"}

%%% ====================================================================
%%%        Part 1 (of 3): publications by John Warner Backus
%%%
%%% Bibliography entries, sorted by year and then by citation label,
%%% with ``bibsort -byyear'':

@Manual{IBM:1953:ISS,
  author =       "{IBM}",
  title =        "{IBM Speedcoding} System for the {[IBM] Type 701}",
  organization = pub-IBM,
  address =      pub-IBM:adr,
  month =        sep,
  year =         "1953",
  bibdate =      "Fri Jun 12 09:25:48 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  note =         "Likely written by John Backus and his team.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@TechReport{Adams:1954:RAC,
  author =       "C. W. Adams and J. W. Backus and J. W. {Carr, III} and
                 Grace Murray {Hopper, Chair} and R. F. Osborn and G. W.
                 Patterson and J. Svigals and J. Wegstein",
  title =        "Report to the {Association for Computing Machinery}:
                 First Glossary of Programming Terminology",
  type =         "Report",
  institution =  pub-ACM,
  address =      pub-ACM:adr,
  pages =        "ii + 25",
  day =          "2",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1954",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jun 13 15:36:26 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  URL =          "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Knuth_Don_X4100/PDF_index/k-8-pdf/k-8-u2741-2-ACM-Glossary.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@InProceedings{Backus:1954:ISO,
  author =       "John W. Backus and Harlan Herrick",
  editor =       "????",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Symposium on Automatic Programming
                 for Digital Computers, {Navy Mathematical Computing
                 Advisory Panel, 13--14 May 1954}",
  title =        "{IBM 701 Speedcoding} and other automatic programming
                 systems",
  publisher =    "The Office of Naval Research",
  address =      "Washington, DC, USA",
  pages =        "106--113",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1954",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 15:24:50 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  URL =          "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Fortran/102653983.05.01.acc.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Backus:1954:ISS,
  author =       "J. W. Backus",
  title =        "The {IBM 701 Speedcoding} System",
  journal =      j-J-ACM,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "4--6",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1954",
  CODEN =        "JACOAH",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/320764.320766",
  ISSN =         "0004-5411 (print), 1557-735X (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0004-5411",
  bibdate =      "Fri Nov 04 00:18:27 1994",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fparith.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/jacm.bib",
  URL =          "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Fortran/102663108.05.01.acc.pdf",
  abstract =     "The IBM 701 Speedcoding System is a set of
                 instructions which causes the 701 to behave like a
                 three-address floating point calculator. Let us call
                 this the Speedcoding calculator. In addition to
                 operating in floating point, this Speedcoding
                 calculator has extremely convenient means for getting
                 information into the machine and for printing results;
                 it has an extensive set of operations to make the job
                 of programming as easy as possible. Speedcoding also
                 provides automatic address modification, flexible
                 tracing, convenient use of auxiliary storage, and
                 built-in checking.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Assoc. Comput. Mach.",
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  fjournal =     "Journal of the ACM",
  journal-URL =  "https://dl.acm.org/loi/jacm",
  remark =       "From the Computer History Museum: ``The 701 was a
                 basic `von Neumann machine'', with only integer
                 arithmetic and required instruction modification to
                 access arrays. Backus designed the Speedcoding system:
                 an interpretive language for a virtual machine with
                 floating-point arithmetic and index registers.",
}

@Misc{Backus:1954:SDI,
  author =       "John W. Backus and Gene Amdahl",
  title =        "The System Design of the {IBM Type 704}",
  howpublished = "Talk given at an [unknown] ACM meeting",
  year =         "1954",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 15:47:36 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  URL =          "https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/FORTRAN/#By_others",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@TechReport{IBM:1954:SIM,
  author =       "{IBM}",
  title =        "Specifications for the {IBM Mathematical FORmula
                 TRANSlating} System",
  type =         "Preliminary Report",
  institution =  "IBM Corp., Programming Research Group, Applied
                 Sciences Division",
  address =      "New York, NY, USA",
  day =          "10",
  month =        nov,
  year =         "1954",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 20 16:11:29 2001",
  bibsource =    "http://www.nap.edu/books/0309052777/html/67.html;
                 http://www8.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/html/lisp/histlit1.html;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib",
  URL =          "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Fortran/102679231.05.01.acc.pdf;
                 https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/FORTRAN/BackusEtAl-Preliminary%20Report-1954.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  remark-1 =     "Paul McJones \cite{McJones:2017:SOF} in fortran3.bib
                 reports: ``J. A. N. Lee's annotated bibliography in the
                 Annals special issue says the authors were probably
                 John W. Backus, Harlan Herrick, and Irving Ziller.'' He
                 also reproduces the cover of this report, supplying the
                 long-missing day and month now recorded here.",
  remark-2 =     "From the Computer History Museum: ``For the 704, which
                 began as a project to upgrade the 701, Backus advocated
                 strongly that it include floating-point and index
                 registers; they were incorporated. Backus wanted to
                 further increase the productivity of programmers,
                 especially engineers and scientists writing their own
                 programs, so proposed the FORTRAN project; when the
                 project was proposed, he staffed and led it.''",
}

@TechReport{Backus:1955:CSD,
  author =       "John W. Backus",
  title =        "Computer System Design and {ANS} Control Techniques",
  type =         "Report",
  institution =  pub-IBM,
  address =      pub-IBM:adr,
  pages =        "24",
  day =          "26",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1955",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jun 13 15:24:58 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  URL =          "https://mark.people.clemson.edu/Backus-Computer_System_Design_and_ANS_Control_Techniques-1955_10_26.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  keywords =     "IBM 7030 Stretch",
}

@Book{Backus:1956:FAC,
  author =       "J. W. Backus and R. J. Beeber and S. Best and R.
                 Goldberg and H. L. Herrick and R. A. Hughes and L. B.
                 Mitchell and R. A. Nelson and R. Nutt and D. Sayre and
                 P. B. Sheridan and H. Stern and I. Ziller",
  title =        "The {Fortran} Automatic Coding System for the {IBM 704
                 EDPM}: Programmer's Reference Manual",
  publisher =    "Applied Science Division and Programming Research
                 Department, International Business Machines
                 Corporation",
  address =      "New York, NY, USA",
  pages =        "51",
  day =          "15",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1956",
  LCCN =         "????",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 14 14:44:35 2006",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib",
  URL =          "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Fortran/102649787.05.01.acc.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  remark =       "Apparently assigned form number 32-7026 after
                 printing.",
}

@InProceedings{Backus:1957:FAC,
  author =       "J. W. Backus and R. J. Beeber and S. Best and R.
                 Goldberg and L. M. Haibt and H. L. Herrick and R. A.
                 Nelson and D. Sayre and P. B. Sheridan and H. Stern and
                 I. Ziller and R. A. Hughes and R. Nutt",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Western Joint Computer Conference,
                 February 26--28, 1957, Los Angeles, {CA}, {USA}",
  title =        "The {FORTRAN} automatic coding system",
  publisher =    pub-IRE,
  address =      pub-IRE:adr,
  pages =        "188--198",
  year =         "1957",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/1455567.1455599",
  ISSN =         "0449-1173",
  LCCN =         "TK7885.A1 J6",
  bibdate =      "Fri Jan 19 11:47:30 2001",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib",
  note =         "The online edition of the Oxford English Dictionary
                 cites this as the second earliest mention of the name
                 FORTRAN, with the extract ``The programmer attended a
                 one-day course on FORTRAN and \ldots{} then programmed
                 the job in four hours using 47 FORTRAN statements.''",
  URL =          "http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/704/FORTRAN_paper_1957.pdf;
                 https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Fortran/102663113.05.01.acc.pdf;
                 https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/FORTRAN/#By_FORTRAN_project_members",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-1-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY,
                 USA",
  author-10-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY,
                 USA",
  author-11-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY,
                 USA",
  author-12-adr = "Radiation Laboratory, University of California,
                 Livermore, CA, USA",
  author-13-adr = "United Aircraft Corp., East Hartford, CT, USA",
  author-2-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY,
                 USA",
  author-3-adr = "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Computation
                 Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA",
  author-4-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY,
                 USA",
  author-5-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY,
                 USA",
  author-6-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY,
                 USA",
  author-7-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY,
                 USA",
  author-8-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY,
                 USA",
  author-9-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY,
                 USA",
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  note-2 =       "The article begins: ``The FORTRAN project was begun in
                 the summer of 1954. Its purpose was to reduce by a
                 large factor the task of preparing scientific problems
                 for IBM's next large computer, the 704. If it were
                 possible for the 704 to code problems for itself and
                 produce as good programs as human codes (but without
                 the errors), it was clear that large benefits could be
                 achieved. For it was known that about two-thirds of the
                 cost of solving most scientific and engineering
                 problems on large computers was that of problem
                 preparation. Furthermore, more than 90 percent of the
                 elapsed time for a problem was usually devoted to
                 planning, writing, and debugging the program. In many
                 cases the development of a general plan for solving a
                 problem was a small job in comparison to the task of
                 devising and coding machine procedures to carry out the
                 plan. The goal of the FORTRAN project was to enable the
                 programmer to specify a numerical procedure using a
                 concise language like that of mathematics and obtain
                 automatically from this specification an efficient 704
                 program to carry out the procedure. It was expected
                 that such a system would reduce the coding and
                 debugging task to less than one-fifth of the job it had
                 been.\par

                 Two and one-half years and 18 man years have elapsed
                 since the beginning of the project. The FORTRAN system
                 is now complete. It has two components: the FORTRAN
                 language, in which programs are written, and the
                 translator or executive routine for the 704 which
                 effects the translation of FORTRAN language programs
                 into 704 programs. Descriptions of the FORTRAN language
                 and the translator form the principal sections of this
                 paper.''",
  note-3 =       "The IBM 704 had 86 instructions, a 36-bit word,
                 signed-magnitude number representation, and a 15-bit
                 word-addressed memory space (32768 words, or 191K 6-bit
                 characters). Floating-point was {\em standard}, not
                 optional. 4K-, 8K- and 32K-word systems were sold, but
                 memory was treated cyclically, so programs compiled for
                 one memory size could not run on a system with a
                 different memory capacity. The machine was announced in
                 1954, and delivered in late 1955. From 1955 to 1960,
                 123 machines were delivered. [From Gerrit A. Blaauw and
                 Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., {\em Computer architecture:
                 concepts and evolution}, Addison-Wesley (1997), ISBN
                 0-201-10557-8, pp. 624ff.].",
}

@InProceedings{Backus:1958:APP,
  author =       "J. W. Backus",
  editor =       "????",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Symposium on the Mechanisation of
                 Thought Processes, {Teddington, Middlesex, England, The
                 National Physical Laboratory, November 1958}",
  title =        "Automatic programming: properties and performance of
                 {FORTRAN} systems {I} and {II}",
  publisher =    pub-HMSO,
  address =      pub-HMSO:adr,
  pages =        "232--255",
  year =         "1958",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 17:04:21 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  URL =          "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Fortran/102663114.05.01.acc.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Misc{Backus:1958:PPL,
  author =       "J. W. Backus and P. H. Diselets and D. C. Evans and R.
                 Goodman and H. Huskey and C. Katz and J. McCarthy and
                 A. Orden and A. J. Perlis and R. Rich and S. Rosen and
                 W. Turanski and J. Wegstein",
  title =        "Proposal for A Programming Language",
  pages =        "20",
  howpublished = "ACM Ad Hoc Committee on Languages report",
  year =         "1958",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 15:51:02 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  URL =          "https://datamuseum.dk/bits/30009315;
                 https://datamuseum.dk/wiki/Bits:30009315;
                 https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/ALGOL/report/ACM_ALGOL_Proposal_1958.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@InProceedings{Backus:1959:SSP,
  author =       "J. W. Backus",
  editor =       "????",
  booktitle =    "Information Processing: Proceedings of the
                 International Conference on Information Processing",
  title =        "The Syntax and Semantics of the Proposed
                 {International Algebraic Language} of the {Zurich
                 ACM-GAMM Conference}",
  publisher =    pub-OLDENBOURG,
  address =      pub-OLDENBOURG:adr,
  pages =        "125--132",
  year =         "1959",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 19 16:59:41 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  URL =          "https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/ALGOL/paper/Backus-ICIP-1959.pdf;
                 https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000153719",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Backus:1960:RALa,
  author =       "J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz
                 and J. McCarthy and P. {Naur, Editor} and A. J. Perlis
                 and H. Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and
                 J. H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger",
  title =        "Report on the algorithmic language {Algol 60}",
  journal =      j-NUM-MATH,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "106--136",
  month =        dec,
  year =         "1960",
  CODEN =        "NUMMA7",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01386216",
  ISSN =         "0029-599X (print), 0945-3245 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0029-599X",
  bibdate =      "Mon Oct 18 10:06:00 MDT 1999",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/nummath.bib",
  URL =          "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01386216",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "Adriaan ``Aad'' van Wijngaarden (2 November 1916--7
                 February 1987); Alan Jay Perlis (1 April 1922--7
                 February 1990); Bernard Vauquois (14 June 1929--30
                 September 1985); Charles Abraham Katz (7 July 1927--9
                 May 1974); Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June
                 1924--26 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January
                 1918--10 November 1970); John McCarthy (4 September
                 1927--24 October 2011); John Warner Backus (3 December
                 1924--17 March 2007); Joseph Henry Wegstein (7 April
                 1922--16 August 1985); Julien Green (????--????); Klaus
                 Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May-1980); Michael
                 Woodger (28 March 1923--14 July 2025); Peter Naur (25
                 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  fjournal =     "Numerische Mathematik",
  journal-URL =  "http://link.springer.com/journal/211",
  language =     "German",
  remark =       "Also translated in Russian in 1960 by the
                 Computational Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the
                 USSR.",
}

@Article{Backus:1960:RALb,
  author =       "J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz
                 and J. McCarthy and P. {Naur, Editor} and A. J. Perlis
                 and H. Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and
                 J. H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger",
  title =        "Report on the algorithmic language {Algol 60}",
  journal =      "Acta Polytechnica Scandinavica: Mathematics and
                 Computing Machinery Series",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "1--39",
  month =        "????",
  year =         "1960",
  CODEN =        "APSMAT",
  ISSN =         "0355-2713",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 14 17:29:22 2024",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/perlis-alan-j.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  URL =          "https://web.archive.org/web/20191029151524id_/http://web.eah-jena.de/%7Ekleine/history/languages/Algol60-Naur.pdf",
  abstract =     "The report gives a complete defining description of
                 the international algorithmic language ALGOL 60. This
                 1s a language suitable for expressing a large class of
                 numerical processes 1n a form sufficiently concise for
                 direct automatic translation into the language of
                 programmed automatic computers.\par

                 The introduction contains an account of the preparatory
                 work leading up to the final conference, where the
                 language was defined. In addition the notions reference
                 language, publication language, and hardware
                 representations, are explained.\par

                 In the first chapter a survey of the basic constituents
                 and features of the language is given, and the formal
                 notation, by which the syntactic structure is defined,
                 is explained.\par

                 The second chapter lists all the basic symbols, and the
                 syntactic units known as identifiers, numbers, and
                 strings, are defined. Further some important notions
                 such as quantity and value are defined,\par

                 The third chapter explains the rules for forming
                 expressions and the meaning of these expressions. Three
                 different types of expressions exist: arithmetic,
                 Boolean (logical), and designational,\par

                 The fourth chapter describes the operational units of
                 the language, known as statements. The basic statements
                 are: assignment statements (evaluation of a formula),
                 go to statements (explicit break of the sequence of
                 execution of statements), dummy statements, and
                 procedure statements (call for execution of a closed
                 process, defined by a procedure declaration). The
                 formation of more complex structures, having statement
                 character, 1s explained. These include: conditional
                 statements, for statements compound statements, and
                 blocks.\par

                 In the fifth chapter the units known as declarations,
                 serving for defining permanent properties of the units
                 entering into a process described in the language are
                 defined.\par

                 The report ends with two detailed examples of the use
                 of the language and an alphabetic index of
                 definitions,",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Acta Polytech. Scand., Math. Comput. Mach. Ser.",
  author-dates = "Adriaan ``Aad'' van Wijngaarden (2 November 1916--7
                 February 1987); Alan Jay Perlis (1 April 1922--7
                 February 1990); Bernard Vauquois (14 June 1929--30
                 September 1985); Charles Abraham Katz (7 July 1927--9
                 May 1974); Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June
                 1924--26 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January
                 1918--10 November 1970); John McCarthy (4 September
                 1927--24 October 2011); John Warner Backus (3 December
                 1924--17 March 2007); Joseph Henry Wegstein (7 April
                 1922--16 August 1985); Julien Green (????--????); Klaus
                 Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May-1980); Michael
                 Woodger (28 March 1923--14 July 2025); Peter Naur (25
                 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  journal-URL =  "????",
  pdfpages =     "39",
}

@InProceedings{Backus:1960:SSP,
  author =       "J. W. Backus",
  title =        "The Syntax and Semantics of the {Proposed
                 International Algebraic} Language of the {Zurich
                 ACM-GAMM} Conference",
  crossref =     "Anonymous:1960:ICI",
  pages =        "125--132",
  year =         "1960",
  bibdate =      "Fri Jun 05 05:38:16 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Naur:1960:RALa,
  author =       "Peter Naur and J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J.
                 Green and C. Katz and J. McCarthy and A. J. Perlis and
                 H. Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J.
                 H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger",
  title =        "Report on the Algorithmic Language {ALGOL 60}",
  journal =      j-CACM,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "299--314",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1960",
  CODEN =        "CACMA2",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/367236.367262",
  ISSN =         "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0001-0782",
  MRclass =      "68.00",
  MRnumber =     "24\#B485",
  bibdate =      "Fri Nov 25 18:19:26 MST 2005",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Compiler/reynolds.bib;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/contents/journals/cacm/;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/perlis-alan-j.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1960.bib",
  note =         "See letter \cite{Arden:1960:LPR}. Dedicated to the
                 Memory of William Turanski [American group member who
                 was killed by an automobile just prior to the January
                 1960 Conference].",
  URL =          "https://web.archive.org/web/20171002221007id_/http://www.eah-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/Algol60-ACM.pdf",
  ZMID =         "03145581",
  ZMnumber =     "0089.12510",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "Adriaan ``Aad'' van Wijngaarden (2 November 1916--7
                 February 1987); Alan Jay Perlis (1 April 1922--7
                 February 1990); Bernard Vauquois (14 June 1929--30
                 September 1985); Charles Abraham Katz (7 July 1927--9
                 May 1974); Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June
                 1924--26 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January
                 1918--10 November 1970); John McCarthy (4 September
                 1927--24 October 2011); John Warner Backus (3 December
                 1924--17 March 2007); Joseph Henry Wegstein (7 April
                 1922--16 August 1985); Julien Green (????--????); Klaus
                 Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May-1980); Michael
                 Woodger (28 March 1923--14 July 2025); Peter Naur (25
                 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  checked =      "15 July 1993",
  fjournal =     "Communications of the ACM",
  journal-URL =  "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm",
  keywords =     "numerical analysis",
  remark =       "Edsger Dijkstra's name does not appear in this
                 document, but he was a committee member, and
                 subsequently co-wrote the first working ALGOL 60
                 compiler
                 \cite{Dijkstra:1961:AUX,Dijkstra:1962:OEA,KrusemanAretz:2003:DZA}.",
  ZMreviewer =   "S. Gorn",
}

@Article{Backus:1961:ARA,
  author =       "J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz
                 and J. McCarthy and P. Naur and A. J. Perlis and H.
                 Rutishauser and J. H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden
                 and M. Woodger",
  title =        "Appendix: Report on the algorithmic language {ALGOL
                 60}",
  journal =      j-ANNU-REV-AUTOM-PROGRAM,
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "351--390",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1961",
  CODEN =        "ARVAAM",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0066-4138(61)80016-5",
  ISSN =         "0066-4138 (print), 1878-545x (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0066-4138",
  bibdate =      "Fri Jun 5 07:43:15 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/annu-rev-autom-program.bib",
  URL =          "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0066413861800165",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26
                 March 2015); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17
                 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January
                 2016)",
  fjournal =     "Annual Review in Automatic Programming",
  journal-URL =  "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00664138",
}

@Article{Backus:1961:RAL,
  author =       "J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz
                 and J. McCarthy and P. Naur and A. J. Perlis and H.
                 Rutishauser and J. H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden
                 and M. Woodger",
  title =        "Report on the algorithmic language {ALGOL 60}",
  journal =      "Acta Polytechnica Scandinavica. Mathematics and
                 Computing Series",
  volume =       "5",
  pages =        "1--39",
  year =         "1961 (??)",
  ISSN =         "1456-9418",
  ISSN-L =       "1456-9418",
  bibdate =      "Fri Jun 05 07:47:32 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/perlis-alan-j.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  URL =          "https://web.archive.org/web/20191029151524id_/http://web.eah-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/Algol60-Naur.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  ajournal =     "Acta polytech. Scand., MA Math. comput. ser.",
  author-dates = "Adriaan ``Aad'' van Wijngaarden (2 November 1916--7
                 February 1987); Alan Jay Perlis (1 April 1922--7
                 February 1990); Bernard Vauquois (14 June 1929--30
                 September 1985); Charles Abraham Katz (7 July 1927--9
                 May 1974); Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June
                 1924--26 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January
                 1918--10 November 1970); John McCarthy (4 September
                 1927--24 October 2011); John Warner Backus (3 December
                 1924--17 March 2007); Joseph Henry Wegstein (7 April
                 1922--16 August 1985); Julien Green (????--????); Klaus
                 Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May-1980); Michael
                 Woodger (28 March 1923--14 July 2025); Peter Naur (25
                 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  remark =       "Is there an online archive of this journal?? It may
                 have ceased publication in 2002 (US Library of Congress
                 record).",
}

@InBook{Backus:1962:RAL,
  author =       "John W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C.
                 Katz and J. McCarthy and P. {Naur (Editor)} and A. J.
                 Perlis and H. Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B.
                 Vauquois and J. H. Wegstein and A. Van Wijngaarden and
                 M. Woodger",
  title =        "Appendix: Report on the algorithmic language {ALGOL
                 60}",
  crossref =     "Dijkstra:1962:PAR",
  pages =        "74--114",
  year =         "1962",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jun 13 14:12:49 2026",
  bibsource =    "fsz3950.oclc.org:210/WorldCat;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/perlis-alan-j.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "Adriaan ``Aad'' van Wijngaarden (2 November 1916--7
                 February 1987); Alan Jay Perlis (1 April 1922--7
                 February 1990); Bernard Vauquois (14 June 1929--30
                 September 1985); Charles Abraham Katz (7 July 1927--9
                 May 1974); Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June
                 1924--26 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January
                 1918--10 November 1970); John McCarthy (4 September
                 1927--24 October 2011); John Warner Backus (3 December
                 1924--17 March 2007); Joseph Henry Wegstein (7 April
                 1922--16 August 1985); Julien Green (????--????); Klaus
                 Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May-1980); Michael
                 Woodger (28 March 1923--14 July 2025); Peter Naur (25
                 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
}

@Book{Naur:1962:BAS,
  author =       "Peter Naur and J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J.
                 Green and C. Katz and J. McCarthy and A. J. Perlis and
                 S. Ruti shauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J.
                 H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger",
  title =        "{Bericht {\"u}ber die algorithmische Sprache ALGOL
                 60}. ({German}) [{Report} on the {ALGOL 60} language]",
  publisher =    pub-AKADEMIE-VERLAG,
  address =      pub-AKADEMIE-VERLAG:adr,
  pages =        "xi + 49",
  year =         "1962",
  LCCN =         "QA76.5 .N3515",
  bibdate =      "Fri Aug 21 15:10:11 MDT 2020",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  note =         "Zur Erinnerung an William Turanski (In memory of
                 William Turanski).",
  series =       "Elektronisches Rechnen und Regeln. Sonderband 1",
  ZMID =         "03168131",
  ZMnumber =     "0103.10802",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26
                 March 2015); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17
                 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May
                 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  keywords =     "numerical analysis",
  language =     "German",
  remark =       "Based on an international conference held in Paris,
                 Jan. 11--16, 1960.",
}

@Article{Backus:1963:BAS,
  author =       "J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz
                 and J. McCarthy and P. Naur and A. J. Perlis and Heinz
                 Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J. H.
                 Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger",
  title =        "{Bericht {\"u}ber die Algorithmische Sprache ALGOL 60
                 (\booktitle{ALGOL Bulletin} Supplement No. 3). Zur
                 Erinnerung an William Turanski. Herausgegeben von P.
                 Naur}. ({German}) [{Report} on the Algorithmic Language
                 {ALGOL 60} (\booktitle{ALGOL Bulletin} Supplement No.
                 3). {In} memory of {William Turanski}. {Edited} by {P.
                 Naur}]",
  journal =      j-ELEKTRON-DATENVERARB,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "??",
  pages =        "1--24",
  year =         "1963",
  ISSN =         "0374-3012",
  ISSN-L =       "0374-3012",
  bibdate =      "Fri Aug 21 15:10:11 MDT 2020",
  bibsource =    "https://web.archive.org/web/20171002221201id_/http://www.eah-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/Algol60-Deutsch.pdf;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/perlis-alan-j.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  ZMID =         "03177072",
  ZMnumber =     "0108.30206",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  ajournal =     "{Elektron. Datenverarb.}",
  author-dates = "Alan Jay Perlis (1 April 1922--7 February 1990);
                 Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26
                 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10
                 November 1970); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17
                 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May
                 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  fjournal =     "Elektronische Datenverarbeitung",
  keywords =     "numerical analysis",
  language =     "German",
  ZBmath =       "3177072",
}

@Article{Backus:1963:RRAa,
  author =       "J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz
                 and J. McCarthy and P. Naur and A. J. Perlis and H.
                 Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J. H.
                 Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger",
  title =        "Revised report on the algorithmic language {ALGOL
                 60}",
  journal =      j-COMP-J,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "349--367",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1963",
  CODEN =        "CMPJA6",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/5.4.349",
  ISSN =         "0010-4620 (print), 1460-2067 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0010-4620",
  bibdate =      "Fri Sep 29 08:55:43 MDT 2000",
  bibsource =    "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/4.toc;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj.bib;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/perlis-alan-j.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj1960.bib",
  URL =          "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/4/349.full.pdf+html;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/050349.sgm.abs.html;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/349.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/350.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/351.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/352.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/353.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/354.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/355.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/356.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/357.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/358.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/359.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/360.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/361.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/362.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/363.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/364.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/365.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/366.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/367.tif;
                 https://datamuseum.dk/bits/30002299;
                 https://standardpascaline.org/Algol60-RevisedReport.pdf;
                 https://web.archive.org/web/20200214113425id_/http://web.eah-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/Algol60-RevisedReport.pdf",
  ZMID =         "03179017",
  ZMnumber =     "0109.35105",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "Alan Jay Perlis (1 April 1922--7 February 1990);
                 Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26
                 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10
                 November 1970); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17
                 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May
                 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  fjournal =     "The Computer Journal",
  journal-URL =  "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/",
}

@Article{Backus:1963:RRAb,
  author =       "J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz
                 and J. McCarthy and P. Naur and A. J. Perlis and H.
                 Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J. H.
                 Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger",
  title =        "Revised report on the algorithmic language {ALGOL}
                 60",
  journal =      j-NUM-MATH,
  volume =       "4",
  pages =        "420--453",
  month =        dec,
  year =         "1963",
  CODEN =        "NUMMA7",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01386340",
  ISSN =         "0029-599X (print), 0945-3245 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0029-599X",
  bibdate =      "Sun Oct 17 16:12:48 MDT 1999",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/perlis-alan-j.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/nummath.bib",
  note =         "Edited by Peter Naur. Dedicated to the memory of
                 William Turanski.",
  URL =          "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01386340",
  ZMID =         "03179017",
  ZMnumber =     "0109.35105",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "Alan Jay Perlis (1 April 1922--7 February 1990);
                 Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26
                 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10
                 November 1970); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17
                 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May
                 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  fjournal =     "Numerische Mathematik",
  journal-URL =  "http://link.springer.com/journal/211",
}

@Article{Naur:1963:RRA,
  author =       "Peter Naur and J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J.
                 Green and C. Katz and J. McCarthy and A. J. Perlis and
                 H. Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J.
                 H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger and
                 P. Nauer",
  title =        "Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language {ALGOL
                 60}",
  journal =      j-CACM,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "1--17",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1963",
  CODEN =        "CACMA2",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/366193.366201",
  ISSN =         "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0001-0782",
  bibdate =      "Fri Nov 25 18:19:44 MST 2005",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Compiler/reynolds.bib;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/contents/journals/cacm/;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1960.bib",
  note =         "Dedicated to the memory of William Turanski.",
  ZMID =         "03179017",
  ZMnumber =     "0109.35105",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26
                 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10
                 November 1970); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17
                 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May
                 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  fjournal =     "Communications of the ACM",
  journal-URL =  "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm",
}

@Article{Backus:1964:F,
  author =       "J. W. Backus and W. P. Heising",
  title =        "{Fortran}",
  journal =      j-IEEE-TRANS-ELEC-COMPUT,
  volume =       "EC-13",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "382--385",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1964",
  CODEN =        "IEECA8",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1109/PGEC.1964.263818",
  ISSN =         "0367-7508",
  ISSN-L =       "0367-7508",
  bibdate =      "Thu Jul 14 06:57:02 MDT 2011",
  bibsource =    "Compiler/bevan.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ieeetranscomput.bib",
  URL =          "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4038201",
  abstract =     "The fundamental concepts of FORTRAN, the most widely
                 used high-level, scientific programming language, are
                 set forth and the significant characteristics are
                 described in historical order from inception of FORTRAN
                 in 1954 to the present time. The basic problem of how
                 to get high quality programming from an-easy-to-write
                 high-level language is emphasized.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "IEEE Trans. Electron. Comput.",
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  checked =      "19940607",
  fjournal =     "IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers",
  keywords =     "Atmosphere; Computer industry; Computer languages;
                 Data systems; FORTRAN; High level languages; Humans;
                 Layout; Program processors; Programming profession;
                 Scientific computing",
  refs =         "3",
  source =       "Main library",
}

@Book{Naur:1965:RRA,
  author =       "P. Naur and J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green
                 and C. Katz and J. McCarthy and P. Naur and A. J.
                 Perlis and Heinz Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B.
                 Vauquois and J. H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and
                 M. Woodger",
  title =        "Revised report on the algorithmic language {ALGOL-60}.
                 ({Russian})",
  volume =       "Moskau, Russia",
  publisher =    "Verlag ``Mir''",
  pages =        "80",
  year =         "1965",
  bibdate =      "Fri Aug 21 15:10:11 MDT 2020",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  ZMID =         "03235679",
  ZMnumber =     "0146.14701",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26
                 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10
                 November 1970); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17
                 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May
                 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  keywords =     "numerical analysis",
  language =     "Russian",
}

@TechReport{Backus:1972:MRR,
  author =       "John Backus",
  title =        "Memorandum to recipients of {{\booktitle{Reduction
                 languages and variable free programming}}}",
  type =         "Report",
  number =       "???",
  institution =  "IBM Research Laboratory",
  address =      "San Jose, CA, USA",
  pages =        "3",
  day =          "19",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1972",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 16:18:15 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@TechReport{Backus:1972:RLV,
  author =       "John Backus",
  title =        "Reduction languages and variable-free programming",
  type =         "Report",
  number =       "RJ 1010",
  institution =  "IBM Research Laboratory",
  address =      "San Jose, CA, USA",
  pages =        "111",
  day =          "7",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1972",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 16:18:15 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  note =         "One-page errata issued on 8 May 1973",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Misc{Backus:1973:CNRa,
  author =       "John W. Backus",
  title =        "Class notes: {Red} languages",
  howpublished = "Notes.",
  pages =        "6",
  day =          "14",
  month =        nov,
  year =         "1973",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 16:23:58 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Misc{Backus:1973:CNRb,
  author =       "John W. Backus",
  title =        "Class notes: {Red} languages",
  howpublished = "Notes.",
  pages =        "7",
  day =          "21",
  month =        nov,
  year =         "1973",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 16:23:58 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@TechReport{Backus:1973:PLSa,
  author =       "John Backus",
  title =        "Programming language semantics and closed applicative
                 languages",
  type =         "Report",
  number =       "RJ 1245",
  institution =  "IBM Research Laboratory",
  address =      "San Jose, CA, USA",
  pages =        "38",
  day =          "5",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1973",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 16:18:15 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  note =         "One-page errata issued on 17 July 1973 an 8 August
                 1973.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@InProceedings{Backus:1973:PLSb,
  author =       "John W. Backus",
  editor =       "Patrick C. Fischer and Jeffrey D. Ullman",
  booktitle =    "Conference Record of the {ACM} Symposium on Principles
                 of Programming Languages, {Boston, Massachusetts, USA,
                 October 1973}",
  title =        "Programming Language Semantics and Closed Applicative
                 Languages",
  publisher =    pub-ACM,
  address =      pub-ACM:adr,
  pages =        "71--86",
  year =         "1973",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/512927.512934",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 11:58:21 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  biburl =       "https://dblp.org/rec/conf/popl/Backus73.bib",
  timestamp =    "Tue Jun 16 10:04:28 2026",
}

@Article{Backus:1974:FLP,
  author =       "John Backus",
  title =        "Function level programs as mathematical objects",
  journal =      j-SIGPLAN,
  volume =       "9",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "1--10",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "SINODQ",
  ISSN =         "0362-1340 (print), 1523-2867 (print), 1558-1160
                 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0362-1340",
  bibdate =      "Sun Dec 14 09:13:37 MST 2003",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/sigplan1970.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  fjournal =     "ACM SIGPLAN Notices",
  journal-URL =  "https://dl.acm.org/loi/sigplan",
}

@Misc{Backus:1975:CNIa,
  author =       "John W. Backus",
  title =        "Class notes, {III}: {Red} languages",
  howpublished = "Notes.",
  pages =        "7",
  day =          "30",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1975",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 16:23:58 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Misc{Backus:1975:CNIb,
  author =       "John W. Backus",
  title =        "Class notes, {IV}: Defining {AA}; properties of {Red}
                 languages (extended {Church--Rosser} property)",
  howpublished = "Notes.",
  pages =        "5",
  day =          "7",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1975",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 16:23:58 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Misc{Backus:1975:CNVa,
  author =       "John W. Backus",
  title =        "Class notes, {I}: A variable-free functional
                 programming system, {FP}",
  howpublished = "Notes.",
  pages =        "9",
  day =          "19",
  month =        feb,
  year =         "1975",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 16:23:58 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Misc{Backus:1975:CNVb,
  author =       "John W. Backus",
  title =        "Class notes, {II}: Three definitions for transpose",
  howpublished = "Notes.",
  pages =        "3",
  day =          "7",
  month =        mar,
  year =         "1975",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 16:23:58 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Backus:1976:MRA,
  author =       "J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz
                 and J. McCarthy and P. Naur and A. J. Perlis and H.
                 Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J. H.
                 Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger and R.
                 M. {De Morgan} and I. D. Hill and B. A. Wichmann",
  title =        "Modified Report on the Algorithmic Language
                 {ALGOL-60}",
  journal =      j-COMP-J,
  volume =       "19",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "364--379",
  month =        nov,
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "CMPJA6",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/19.4.364",
  ISSN =         "0010-4620 (print), 1460-2067 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0010-4620",
  MRclass =      "68N01",
  bibdate =      "Tue Dec 4 14:47:58 MST 2012",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/4.toc;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj1970.bib;
                 Misc/is.bib",
  URL =          "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/4/364.full.pdf+html;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/364.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/365.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/366.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/367.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/368.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/369.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/370.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/371.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/372.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/373.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/374.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/375.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/376.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/377.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/378.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/379.tif",
  ZMID =         "03529388",
  ZMnumber =     "0338.68007",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26
                 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10
                 November 1970); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17
                 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May
                 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  classcodes =   "C6140D (High level languages)",
  classification = "723; 902",
  fjournal =     "The Computer Journal",
  journal-URL =  "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/",
  keywords =     "ALGOL; ALGOL 60; algorithmic language; computer
                 programming languages; standards",
  treatment =    "G General Review; P Practical",
}

@Article{Backus:1978:CPL,
  author =       "John Backus",
  title =        "Can Programming Be Liberated From the {von Neumann}
                 Style? {A} Functional Style and its Algebra of
                 Programs",
  journal =      j-CACM,
  volume =       "21",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "613--641",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "CACMA2",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/359576.359579",
  ISSN =         "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0001-0782",
  MRclass =      "68A05",
  MRnumber =     "520392",
  MRreviewer =   "Leon\ Levy",
  bibdate =      "Tue Jun 9 18:28:04 2026",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Distributed/QLD/1978.bib;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Parallel/par.misc.bib;
                 http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/cacm/cacm21.html#Backus78;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/mirrors/ftp.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Compiler/bcp.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/acm-turing-awards.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1970.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib",
  note =         "Reproduced in {\em Selected Reprints on Dataflow and
                 Reduction Architectures}, ed. S. S. Thakkar, IEEE,
                 1987, pp. 215--243, and in {\em ACM Turing Award
                 Lectures: The First Twenty Years}, ACM Press, 1987, pp.
                 63--130",
  URL =          "http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs242/readings/backus.pdf",
  abstract =     "Conventional programming languages are growing ever
                 more enormous, but not stronger. Inherent defects at
                 the most basic level cause them to be both fat and
                 weak: their primitive word-at-a-time style of
                 programming inherited from their common ancestor, the
                 von Neumann computer; their division of programming
                 into a world of expressions and a world of statements;
                 their inability to effectively use powerful combining
                 forms for building new programs from existing ones; and
                 their lack of useful mathematical properties for
                 reasoning about programs. An alternative functional
                 style of programming is founded on the use of combining
                 forms for creating programs. Functional programs deal
                 with structured data, are often nonrepetitive and
                 nonrecursive, are hierarchically constructed, do not
                 name their arguments, and do not require the complex
                 machinery of procedure declarations to become generally
                 applicable. Combining forms can use high level programs
                 to build still higher level ones in a style not
                 possible in conventional languages.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  annote =       "Conventional programming languages are growing ever
                 more enormous, but not stronger. Inherent defects at
                 the most basic level cause them to be both fat and
                 weak: their primitive word-at-a-time style of
                 programming inherited from their common ancestor - the
                 von Neumann computer, their close coupling of semantics
                 to state transitions, their division of programming
                 into a world of expressions and a world of statements,
                 their inability to effectively \ldots{}",
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  classcodes =   "C6140 (Programming languages)",
  classification = "723",
  corpsource =   "IMB Res. Lab., San Jose, CA, USA",
  descriptors =  "Programming language; reliability; future outlook; von
                 Neumann computer; applicative computing system",
  fjournal =     "Communications of the ACM",
  journal-URL =  "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm",
  journalabr =   "Commun ACM",
  keywords =     "4.29; 5.20; 5.24; 5.26; algebra of programs;
                 applicative computing systems; combining forms;
                 computer metatheory; conventional languages; CR
                 categories: 4.20; functional style; grecommended91; Key
                 words and phrases: functional programming;
                 metacomposition; models of computing systems; program
                 correctness; program termination; program
                 transformation; programming languages; Rhighnam;
                 structured data; theory ak; Turing Award Lecture; von
                 Neuman style; von Neumann computers; von Neumann
                 languages",
  oldlabel =     "Backus78",
  remark =       "This is the 1977 ACM Turing Award Lecture.",
  subject-dates = "John von Neumann (28 December 1903--8 February
                 1957)",
  treatment =    "T Theoretical or Mathematical",
  XMLdata =      "ftp://ftp.informatik.uni-trier.de/pub/users/Ley/bib/records.tar.gz#journals/cacm/Backus78",
}

@Article{Backus:1978:HFI,
  author =       "John Backus",
  title =        "The History of {FORTRAN I}, {II}, and {III}",
  journal =      j-SIGPLAN,
  volume =       "13",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "165--180",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "SINODQ",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/960118.808380",
  ISSN =         "0362-1340 (print), 1523-2867 (print), 1558-1160
                 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0362-1340",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 18 16:08:59 MDT 2008",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/master.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/sigplan1970.bib",
  abstract =     "Before 1954 almost all programming was done in machine
                 language or assembly language. Programmers rightly
                 regarded their work as a complex, creative art that
                 required human inventiveness to produce an efficient
                 program. Much of their effort was devoted to overcoming
                 the difficulties created by the computers of that era:
                 the lack of index registers, the lack of built- in
                 floating point operations, restricted instruction sets
                 (which might have AND but not OR, for example), and
                 primitive input- output arrangements. Given the nature
                 of computers, the services which ``automatic
                 programming'' performed for the programmer were
                 concerned with overcoming the machine's shortcomings.
                 Thus the primary concern of some ``automatic
                 programming'' systems was to allow the use of symbolic
                 addresses and decimal numbers (e.g., the MIDAC Input
                 Translation Program [Brown and Carr 1954]). But most of
                 the larger ``automatic. Programming'' systems (with the
                 exception of Laning and Zierler's algebraic system
                 [Laning and Zierler 1954] and the A-2 compiler
                 [Remington Rand 1953; Moser 1954]) simply provided a
                 synthetic ``computer'' with an order code different
                 from that of the real machine. This synthetic computer
                 usually had floating point instructions and index
                 registers and had improved input-output commands; it
                 was therefore much easier to program than its real
                 counterpart.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  classification = "C6140D (High level languages)",
  conflocation = "Los Angeles, CA, USA; 1-3 June 1978",
  conftitle =    "ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages
                 Conference",
  corpsource =   "IBM Res. Lab., San Jose, CA, USA",
  fjournal =     "ACM SIGPLAN Notices",
  journal-URL =  "https://dl.acm.org/loi/sigplan",
  keywords =     "FORTRAN; FORTRAN I; FORTRAN II; FORTRAN III; history;
                 languages",
  review =       "ACM CR 39172",
  subject =      "D.3 Software, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, Language
                 Classifications \\ K.2 Computing Milieux, HISTORY OF
                 COMPUTING, FORTRAN \\ K.2 Computing Milieux, HISTORY OF
                 COMPUTING, Software",
  treatment =    "G General Review",
}

@Unpublished{Backus:1979:ECP,
  author =       "John W. Backus",
  title =        "On extending the concept of program and solving linear
                 functional equations",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1979",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 16:39:17 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  note =         "Draft paper distributed at Summer Workshop on
                 Programming Methodology, University of California at
                 Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA. A revised version was
                 later published \cite{Backus:1981:AFP}.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Unpublished{Backus:1979:GAT,
  author =       "John W. Backus",
  title =        "This guy's arrogance takes your breath away",
  year =         "1979",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 16:37:14 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib",
  note =         "Letters between John W. Backus and Edsger W.
                 Dijkstra.",
  URL =          "https://medium.com/@acidflask/this-guys-arrogance-takes-your-breath-away-5b903624ca5f",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Backus:1979:HFI,
  author =       "John Backus",
  title =        "The History of {FORTRAN I}, {II}, and {III}",
  journal =      j-ANN-HIST-COMPUT,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "21--37",
  month =        jul # "\slash " # sep,
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "AHCOE5",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1979.10013",
  ISSN =         "0164-1239",
  ISSN-L =       "0164-1239",
  bibdate =      "Fri Nov 1 15:29:16 MST 2002",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Math/sparse.linear.systems.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/annhistcomput.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib",
  URL =          "http://dlib.computer.org/an/books/an1979/pdf/a1021.pdf;
                 http://www.computer.org/annals/an1979/a1021abs.htm",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  fjournal =     "Annals of the History of Computing",
  journal-URL =  "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=5488650",
  keywords =     "Algorithms; Automatic programming; Computer aided
                 instruction; Computer languages; History; Optimizing
                 compilers; Program processors; Programming profession",
}

@Misc{Backus:1980:F,
  author =       "John W. Backus",
  title =        "{Fortran}",
  publisher =    pub-ACM,
  address =      pub-ACM:adr,
  pages =        "1 cassette.",
  year =         "1980",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 27 13:40:57 MST 1996",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  annote =       "Recorded at the History of Programming Languages
                 Conference, Los Angeles, June 1978, sponsored by ACM
                 Sigplan.",
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  keywords =     "{Fortran} (Computer program language)",
}

@InProceedings{Backus:1980:PAS,
  author =       "John Backus",
  title =        "Programming in {America} in the 1950s: Some Personal
                 Impressions",
  crossref =     "Metropolis:1980:HCT",
  pages =        "125--135",
  year =         "1980",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-491650-0.50017-4",
  bibdate =      "Fri Nov 19 08:00:13 2010",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/annhistcomput.bib",
  URL =          "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124916500500174",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  remark-01 =    "From page 126: ``\ldots{} Selective Sequence
                 Electronic Calculator (SSEC). This vast machine (circa
                 1948--1952) had a store of 150 words \ldots{}''",
  remark-02 =    "From page 126--127: ``Programming in the America of
                 the 1950s had a vital frontier enthusiasm virtually
                 untainted by either the scholarship or the stuffiness
                 of academia. \ldots{} Thus, of 15 papers presented at
                 an Office of Naval Research (ONR) symposium on
                 automatic programming for digital computers in May 1954
                 [2], only two have separate acknowledgements and none
                 refers to other papers.''",
  remark-03 =    "From page 128: ``Very early in the 1950s, J. Halcombe
                 Laning, Jr., recognized that programming using
                 algebraic expressions would be an important
                 improvement. As a result of that insight he and Neal
                 Zierler had the first algebraic compiler running on
                 WHIRLWIND at MIT in January 1954.''",
  remark-04 =    "From pages 129--130: ``The facts are these: work on
                 FORTRAN began about January 1954 by Ziller and myself.
                 By about April we had been joined by Harlan Herrick,
                 who coauthored with me the paper \booktitle{IBM 701
                 Speedcoding and other Automatic Programming systems}
                 for the ONR symposium on 13 and 14 of May [1954].''",
  remark-05 =    "From page 130: ``(1) our article was written before we
                 first heard of Laning's work at the ONR symposium and
                 before the demonstration, and (2) by 21 May [1954] the
                 FORTRAN group comprised four people: [Harlan] Herrick,
                 Robert A. Nelson, [Irving] Ziller, and myself.''",
  remark-06 =    "From page 131: ``This interest led directly to work on
                 Speedcoding for the 701 and to efforts to have floating
                 point as well as indexing built into the 704''",
  remark-07 =    "From page 131: ``most operating time was spent in
                 floating-point subroutines. But the advent of the 704
                 with built-in floating-point and indexing radically
                 altered the situation.''",
  remark-08 =    "From page 131: ``The initial external design for
                 FORTRAN was completed in November 1954.''",
  remark-09 =    "From page 132: ``A large number of difficult problems
                 had to be solved by the nine persons [Sheldon Best, R.
                 Goldberg, L. M. Haibt, Harlan L. Herrick, Robert A.
                 Nelson, D. Sayre, P. B. Sheridan, and Irving Ziller]
                 who were the principal planners and programmers of the
                 six sections of the 704 FORTRAN I compiler''",
  remark-10 =    "From page 132: ``The result of the optimization
                 efforts of the FORTRAN group and particularly of the
                 pioneering work of Best, Nelson, and Ziller was a level
                 of optimization of object programs which was not to be
                 found again in subsequent compilers until the late
                 1960s.''",
  remark-11 =    "From pages 132--133: ``In a recent course on
                 computability given by Martin Davis, I had been exposed
                 to the work of the logician Emil Post and his notion of
                 a `production'. As soon as the need for precise
                 description was noted, it became obvious that Post's
                 productions were well suited for that purpose. I
                 hastily adapted them for use in describing the syntax
                 of IAL. The resulting paper [5] was received with a
                 silence that made it seem that precise syntax
                 description was an idea whose time had not yet come. As
                 far as I know that paper had only one reader, Peter
                 Naur. Fortunately, he had independently recognized the
                 need for precision; he improved the notation \ldots{}
                 He thus proved the usefulness of the idea in a widely
                 read paper and it was accepted.'' However, entry
                 \cite[page 17]{Shasha:1998:TML} says that Davis did not
                 teach that class until 1960--1961, after the
                 development of the Backus Normal Form.",
  subject-dates = "Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (11 May 1930--6 August 2002)",
}

@InProceedings{Backus:1981:AFP,
  author =       "John W. Backus",
  editor =       "Josep D{\'\i}az and Isidro Ramos",
  booktitle =    "Formalization of Programming Concepts, International
                 Colloquium, {Pe{\~n}{\'\i}scola, Spain, April 19--25,
                 1981}, Proceedings",
  title =        "The Algebra of Functional Programs: Function Level
                 Reasoning, Linear Equations, and Extended Definitions",
  volume =       "107",
  publisher =    pub-SV,
  address =      pub-SV:adr,
  pages =        "1--43",
  year =         "1981",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-10699-5_91",
  ISBN =         "3-540-10699-5",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-3-540-10699-9",
  MRclass =      "68B05 (03B40)",
  MRnumber =     "621864",
  bibdate =      "Tue Jun 9 18:28:04 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  series =       "Lecture Notes in Computer Science",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  biburl =       "https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icfpc/Backus81.bib",
  timestamp =    "Fri, 17 Jul 2020 16:12:47 +0200",
}

@InProceedings{Backus:1981:CSB,
  author =       "John Backus",
  title =        "Is computer science based on the wrong fundamental
                 concept of `program'? {An} extended concept (Invited
                 Address)",
  crossref =     "deBakker:1981:ALP",
  pages =        "133--165",
  year =         "1981",
  MRclass =      "68B05",
  MRnumber =     "657604",
  bibdate =      "Sat May 30 15:43:14 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@InProceedings{Backus:1981:FLP,
  author =       "John W. Backus",
  editor =       "Arvind and Jack B. Dennis",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 1981 conference on Functional
                 programming languages and computer architecture, {FPCA
                 1981, Wentworth, New Hampshire, USA, October 1981}",
  title =        "Function level programs as mathematical objects",
  publisher =    pub-ACM,
  address =      pub-ACM:adr,
  pages =        "1--10",
  year =         "1981",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/800223.806757",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 11:58:21 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  series =       "FPCA '81",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  biburl =       "https://dblp.org/rec/conf/fpca/Backus81.bib",
  collection =   "FPCA '81",
  remark =       "TO DO: ACM site says conference at Portsmouth, NH, but
                 another source says Wentworth, NH; the cities are 80k
                 apart.",
  timestamp =    "Tue, 06 Nov 2018 11:07:48 +0100",
  xxbooktitle =  "Proceedings of the 1981 conference on Functional
                 programming languages and computer architecture ---
                 {FPCA '81}, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA, October
                 18--22, 1981.",
}

@InProceedings{Backus:1981:HFI,
  author =       "J. Backus",
  title =        "The history of {FORTRAN I}, {II}, and {III}",
  crossref =     "Wexelblat:1981:HPL",
  pages =        "25--74",
  year =         "1981",
  bibdate =      "Mon Aug 22 14:20:57 1994",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran2.bib;
                 Misc/sigplan.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  keywords =     "languages",
  review =       "ACM CR 39172",
  subject =      "D.3 Software, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, Language
                 Classifications \\ K.2 Computing Milieux, HISTORY OF
                 COMPUTING, FORTRAN \\ K.2 Computing Milieux, HISTORY OF
                 COMPUTING, Software",
}

@TechReport{Backus:1982:AFP,
  author =       "John Backus",
  title =        "The Algebra of Functional Programs: Functional Level
                 Reasoning, Linear Equations, and Extended Definitions",
  type =         "Report",
  number =       "RJ 3555",
  institution =  "IBM Research Laboratory",
  address =      "5600 Cottle Road, San Jose, CA 95193, USA",
  pages =        "43",
  day =          "23",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1982",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 15 07:18:48 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  note =         "This appears to be a reprint of
                 \cite{Backus:1981:AFP}.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Backus:1982:SFL,
  author =       "J. Backus",
  title =        "Software {I}: Function-level computing: a new
                 programming method, linked to radically different
                 architectures, may greatly simplify software
                 development",
  journal =      j-IEEE-SPECTRUM,
  volume =       "19",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "22--27",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "IEESAM",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.1982.6366967",
  ISSN =         "0018-9235 (print), 1939-9340 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0018-9235",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 18 16:51:45 2020",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ieeespectrum1980.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  fjournal =     "IEEE Spectrum",
  journal-URL =  "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=6",
  keywords =     "Buildings; cellular automata; Central Processing Unit;
                 computer architecture; Computers; finite automata;
                 function-level computing; parallel processing; Program
                 processors; Programming; programming; programming
                 method; software development; Vectors; Very large scale
                 integration",
}

@TechReport{Backus:1983:CRC,
  author =       "John W. Backus",
  title =        "The Coming Revolution in Computing",
  type =         "Report",
  number =       "RJ 3994",
  institution =  "IBM Research Laboratory",
  address =      "San Jose, CA 95193, USA",
  day =          "23",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1983",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 15 07:37:52 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  abstract =     "This paper is the text of a lecture given at MIT on
                 May 5, 1983.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Backus:1984:A,
  author =       "John Backus",
  title =        "Afterword",
  journal =      j-ANN-HIST-COMPUT,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "26--27",
  month =        jan # "\slash " # mar,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "AHCOE5",
  ISSN =         "0164-1239",
  ISSN-L =       "0164-1239",
  bibdate =      "Fri Nov 1 15:29:21 MST 2002",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/annhistcomput.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran2.bib",
  URL =          "http://dlib.computer.org/an/books/an1984/pdf/a1015.pdf;
                 http://www.computer.org/annals/an1984/a1015abs.htm",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  fjournal =     "Annals of the History of Computing",
  journal-URL =  "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=5488650",
  keywords =     "FORTRAN",
}

@Article{Backus:1984:EDF,
  author =       "John Backus",
  title =        "Early Days of {FORTRAN}",
  journal =      j-ANN-HIST-COMPUT,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "15--15",
  month =        jan # "\slash " # mar,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "AHCOE5",
  ISSN =         "0164-1239",
  ISSN-L =       "0164-1239",
  bibdate =      "Fri Nov 1 15:29:21 MST 2002",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/annhistcomput.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran2.bib",
  URL =          "http://dlib.computer.org/an/books/an1984/pdf/a1015.pdf;
                 http://www.computer.org/annals/an1984/a1015abs.htm",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  fjournal =     "Annals of the History of Computing",
  journal-URL =  "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=5488650",
  xxnote =       "Missing from IEEE Web site.",
}

@TechReport{Backus:1985:FLSa,
  author =       "John Backus",
  title =        "From Function Level Semantics to Program
                 Transformation and Optimization",
  type =         "Report",
  number =       "RJ 4567 (40935)",
  institution =  "IBM Research Laboratory",
  address =      "San Jose, CA 95193, USA",
  pages =        "35",
  day =          "8",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1985",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 15 07:40:28 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@InCollection{Backus:1985:FLSb,
  author =       "John Backus",
  booktitle =    "Mathematical foundations of software development,
                 {Vol}. 1 ({Berlin}, 1985)",
  title =        "From function level semantics to program
                 transformation and optimization",
  volume =       "185",
  publisher =    pub-SV,
  address =      pub-SV:adr,
  pages =        "60--91",
  year =         "1985",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-15198-2_5",
  ISBN =         "3-540-15198-2",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-3-540-15198-2",
  MRclass =      "68Q55 (68N05)",
  MRnumber =     "818016",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  series =       "Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci.",
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@TechReport{Backus:1986:FLM,
  author =       "John W. Backus and J. H. Williams and E. L. Wimmers",
  title =        "The {FL} language manual",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "RJ 5339 (54809)",
  institution =  "IBM Corporation",
  address =      "Armonk, NY, USA",
  year =         "1986",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 16:49:14 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@TechReport{Backus:1987:CPLa,
  author =       "John W. Backus",
  title =        "Can programming be liberated from the {von Neumann}
                 style? {A} functional style and its algebra of
                 programs",
  type =         "Report",
  number =       "RJ 2234",
  institution =  "IBM Research Laboratory",
  address =      "San Jose, CA, USA",
  pages =        "98",
  year =         "1987",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 16:32:09 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib",
  note =         "Draft of ACM Turing Award lecture.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@InCollection{Backus:1987:CPLb,
  author =       "John Backus",
  title =        "Can Programming be Liberated from the {von Neumann}
                 Style? {A} Functional Style and Its Algebra of
                 Programs",
  crossref =     "Ashenhurst:1987:ATA",
  pages =        "63--130",
  year =         "1987",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/1283920.1283933",
  bibdate =      "Tue Jun 21 11:01:04 2011",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/mirrors/ftp.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Compiler/ml.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/acm-turing-awards.bib",
  note =         "ACM Turing Award lecture.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  subject-dates = "John von Neumann (28 December 1903--8 February
                 1957)",
}

@InProceedings{Backus:1990:IPL,
  author =       "J. Backus and J. H. Williams and E. L. Wimmers",
  title =        "An Introduction to the Programming Language {FL}",
  crossref =     "Turner:1990:RTF",
  pages =        "??--??",
  year =         "1990",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 16:56:06 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Steele:1993:FCE,
  author =       "Guy L. {Steele, Jr.} and Danny Hillis and Richard
                 Stallman and Gerald J. Sussman and Marvin Minsky and
                 John McCarthy and John Backus and Fernando Corbat{\'o}
                 and Ronald E. Anderson",
  title =        "Forum: Code of Ethics Reconsidered",
  journal =      j-CACM,
  volume =       "36",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "17--20",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1993",
  CODEN =        "CACMA2",
  ISSN =         "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0001-0782",
  bibdate =      "Tue Jan 28 14:58:31 1997",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1990.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/gnu.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  fjournal =     "Communications of the ACM",
  journal-URL =  "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm",
}

@InCollection{Backus:1996:FAC,
  author =       "J. W. Backus and others",
  title =        "The {FORTRAN} Automatic Coding System",
  crossref =     "Laplante:1996:GPC",
  chapter =      "2.1",
  pages =        "62--??",
  year =         "1996",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 07:33:00 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@InCollection{Naur:1997:RRA,
  author =       "Peter Naur and J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J.
                 Green and C. Kafz and J. McCarthy and A. J. Perlis and
                 H. Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J.
                 H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger",
  booktitle =    "{Algol}-like Languages",
  title =        "Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language {Algol
                 60}",
  publisher =    pub-BIRKHAUSER-BOSTON,
  address =      pub-BIRKHAUSER-BOSTON:adr,
  pages =        "19--49",
  year =         "1997",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4118-8_2",
  bibdate =      "Fri Aug 21 10:14:15 2020",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26
                 March 2015); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17
                 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May
                 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  subject-dates = "Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10 November
                 1970)",
}

@Article{Backus:1998:HFI,
  author =       "J. Backus",
  title =        "The history of {Fortran} {I}, {II}, and {III}",
  journal =      j-IEEE-ANN-HIST-COMPUT,
  volume =       "20",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "68--78",
  month =        oct # "\slash " # dec,
  year =         "1998",
  CODEN =        "IAHCEX",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1109/85.728232",
  ISSN =         "1058-6180 (print), 1934-1547 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "1058-6180",
  bibdate =      "Thu Jul 12 08:14:45 MDT 2001",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ieeeannhistcomput.bib",
  URL =          "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel4/85/15706/00728232.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput.",
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  fjournal =     "IEEE Annals of the History of Computing",
  journal-URL =  "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=85",
  keywords =     "Automatic programming; Decision support systems;
                 Environmental economics; History; Optimizing
                 compilers",
}

@InCollection{Backus:1998:RI,
  author =       "John Backus",
  title =        "Restless inventor",
  crossref =     "Shasha:1998:TML",
  pages =        "??--??",
  year =         "1998",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 07:30:32 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Misc{Backus:2003:ILC,
  author =       "John Backus",
  title =        "Items for the {Library of Congress}",
  howpublished = "Web document",
  pages =        "13",
  year =         "2003",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 15:21:24 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  URL =          "https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/FORTRAN/Backus%20-%20LOC%20-%20catalogue%20of%20papers.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  remark =       "Correspondence, memoranda, speeches, writings,
                 reports, notes, slides, photographs, and other papers
                 relating to Backus's work as a computer scientist at
                 IBM on programming languages, particularly FORTRAN.
                 Includes material relating to Backus's early work on
                 the IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator and
                 Backus-Naur Form (BNF). Documents Backus's pursuit as
                 IBM Fellow, 1963--1991, of his own research projects
                 relating to mathematical theories of programming and
                 the development of functional programming languages.
                 Also includes files pertaining to Backus's political
                 activism as a member of Computer Professionals Against
                 ABM in the early 1970s and as an opponent of the
                 strategic defense initiative in the 1980s.",
}

@TechReport{Backus:1989:FLM,
  author =       "J. Backus and J. H. Williams and E. L. Wimmers and P.
                 Lucas and A. Aiken",
  title =        "{FL} Language Manual, Parts 1 and 2",
  type =         "Research Report",
  number =       "RJ 7100 (67163)",
  institution =  "IBM Corporation",
  address =      "????",
  year =         "1989",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 16:54:21 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

%%% ====================================================================
%%% Part 2 (of 3): publication by others about John Backus and his works
%%%
%%% Bibliography entries, sorted by year and then by citation label,
%%% with ``bibsort -byyear'':

@Article{Post:1943:FRG,
  author =       "Emil L. Post",
  title =        "Formal reductions of the general combinatorial
                 decision problem",
  journal =      j-AM-J-MATH,
  volume =       "65",
  pages =        "197--215",
  year =         "1943",
  CODEN =        "AJMAAN",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.2307/2371809",
  ISSN =         "0002-9327,1080-6377",
  ISSN-L =       "0002-9327",
  MRclass =      "02.0X",
  MRnumber =     "7893",
  MRreviewer =   "R. M. Martin",
  bibdate =      "Thu Jun 4 11:31:47 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Amer. J. Math.",
  fjournal =     "American Journal of Mathematics",
  journal-URL =  "https://www.jstor.org/journal/amerjmath",
  remark =       "This article is credited in \cite[page
                 206]{Nijholt:1988:BPA} as the origin of the notation
                 for language grammar rules, later exploited by Noam
                 Chomsky, John Backus, and Peter Naur.",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007);
                 Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
}

@TechReport{Laning:1954:PTM,
  author =       "J. Halcombe {Laning, Jr.} and Neal Zierler",
  title =        "A Program for Translation of Mathematical Equations
                 for {Whirlwind I}",
  type =         "Engineering Memorandum",
  number =       "E-364",
  institution =  "Instrumentation Laboratory, MIT",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA, USA",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1954",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 12:39:53 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  remark =       "Backus \cite[page 130]{Backus:1980:PAS} says that
                 ``[Laning] and Zierler had the first algebraic compiler
                 running on WHIRLWIND at MIT in January 1954.''",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Bauer:1956:UAP,
  author =       "Walter F. Bauer",
  title =        "Use of Automatic Programming",
  journal =      j-COMP-AUTO,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "11",
  pages =        "6--11",
  month =        nov,
  year =         "1956",
  CODEN =        "CPAUAJ",
  ISSN =         "0010-4795, 0887-4549",
  bibdate =      "Fri Jan 19 11:41:02 2001",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib",
  note =         "The online edition of the Oxford English Dictionary
                 cites this as the earliest mention of the name FORTRAN,
                 with the quote: ``John Backus' group at IBM has
                 prepared FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) for the IBM-704
                 computer. FORTRAN will translate into computer language
                 a program written very close [sic] the language of the
                 mathematician or scientist.'' The OED citation
                 references issue ``Nov. 9/2''; that refers to page 9,
                 column 2, of the article. There are no further
                 references to Fortran in this journal up to at least
                 1962.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "Computers and Automation",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Misc{IBM:1957:TYF,
  author =       "{International Business Machines Corporation}",
  title =        "Twenty-five years of {FORTRAN} exhibit",
  pages =        "5 cubic ft. + 10 panels + and 1 videotape.",
  year =         "1957",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 27 13:40:57 MST 1996",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  annote =       "Exhibit created and displayed for the 25th anniversary
                 of the delivery of the first FORTRAN compiler including
                 facsimiles of documents, textual analysis, flowcharts,
                 memorabilia, FORTRAN manuals and other publications,
                 photos of FORTRAN pioneers, and videotape on the
                 history of FORTRAN featuring members of the original
                 development team: John Backus, Sheldon Best, Richard
                 Goldberg, Lois Mitchell Haibt, Harlan Herrick, Grace
                 Mitchell, Robert Nelson, Roy Nutt, David Sayre, Peter
                 Sheridan, and Irving Ziller.",
  keywords =     "Anniversaries --- Computers.; Backus, John W., ---
                 1924-; Best, Sheldon.; Computer programmers --- United
                 States.; FORTRAN (Computer program language); Goldberg,
                 Richard, --- 1924-; Haibt, Lois Mitchell.; Herrick,
                 Harlan.; Mitchell, Grace.; Nelson, Robert A., --- d.
                 1986.; Nutt, Roy.; Programming languages (Electronic
                 computers); Sayre, David.; Sheridan, Peter B., ---
                 1926-1992.; Women computer programmers --- United
                 States.; Ziller, Irving.",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Manual{IBM:1959:POM,
  author =       "{International Business Machines Corporation}",
  title =        "Preliminary Operator's Manual: Automatic Coding System
                 for {IBM 704 EDPM (Fortran 4-1-4-1)}",
  organization = pub-IBM,
  address =      pub-IBM:adr,
  pages =        "37",
  day =          "8",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1959",
  bibdate =      "Tue Jan 23 19:17:07 2001",
  bibsource =    "http://www.plurabelle.co.uk/catalog/compu.html;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib",
  note =         "Includes copy of \cite{Backus:1957:FAC}, plus two
                 letters by J. Backus.",
  URL =          "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Fortran/102679276.05.01.acc.pdf;
                 https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/FORTRAN/manual/Prelim_Oper_Man-1957_04_07.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Sheridan:1959:ATC,
  author =       "Peter B. Sheridan",
  title =        "The Arithmetic Translator Compiler of the {IBM FORTRAN
                 Automatic Coding System}",
  journal =      j-CACM,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "9--21",
  month =        feb,
  year =         "1959",
  CODEN =        "CACMA2",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/368280.368289",
  ISSN =         "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0001-0782",
  bibdate =      "Tue Jan 23 19:21:07 2001",
  bibsource =    "http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/cacm/cacm2.html#Sheridan59;
                 http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~cs4304/bibliography.html;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1950.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "Communications of the ACM",
  journal-URL =  "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm",
  remark =       "Lead architect John Backus is not mentioned in this
                 article, but it provides details of how the first
                 FORTRAN compiler was built.",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Arden:1960:LPR,
  author =       "B. Arden and B. Galler and R. Graham",
  title =        "Letters: Preliminary Report ({February 4, 1960}) of
                 {Peter Naur}",
  journal =      j-CACM,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "A13--A13",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1960",
  CODEN =        "CACMA2",
  ISSN =         "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0001-0782",
  bibdate =      "Fri Nov 25 18:19:27 MST 2005",
  bibsource =    "http://www.acm.org/pubs/contents/journals/cacm/;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1960.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Naur:1960:RALa}.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "Communications of the ACM",
  journal-URL =  "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Gorn:1961:SLM,
  author =       "Saul Gorn",
  title =        "Specification languages for mechanical languages and
                 their processors a baker's dozen: a set of examples
                 presented to {ASA x3.4} subcommittee",
  journal =      j-CACM,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "12",
  pages =        "532--542",
  month =        dec,
  year =         "1961",
  CODEN =        "CACMA2",
  ISSN =         "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0001-0782",
  bibdate =      "Fri Nov 25 18:19:36 MST 2005",
  bibsource =    "http://www.acm.org/pubs/contents/journals/cacm/;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1960.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "Communications of the ACM",
  journal-URL =  "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Cantor:1962:APB,
  author =       "David G. Cantor",
  title =        "On the Ambiguity Problem of {Backus} Systems",
  journal =      j-J-ACM,
  volume =       "9",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "477--479",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1962",
  CODEN =        "JACOAH",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/321138.321145",
  ISSN =         "0004-5411 (print), 1557-735X (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0004-5411",
  bibdate =      "Mon Dec 05 20:11:35 1994",
  bibsource =    "http://portal.acm.org/;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/jacm.bib",
  ZMnumber =     "0114.33003",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Assoc. Comput. Mach.",
  fjournal =     "Journal of the ACM",
  journal-URL =  "https://dl.acm.org/loi/jacm",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  ZBmath =       "3186294",
}

@InProceedings{Ingerman:1962:TTL,
  author =       "P. Z. Ingerman",
  title =        "A Translation Technique for Languages Whose Syntax is
                 Expressible in {Backus Normal Form}",
  crossref =     "Busa:1962:SLD",
  pages =        "23--64",
  year =         "1962",
  bibdate =      "Fri Jun 05 06:02:51 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  ZMnumber =     "0137.10805",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  ZBmath =       "3222400",
}

@Article{Knuth:1962:BL,
  author =       "Donald E. Knuth and Saul Gorn",
  title =        "Letters to the {Editor}: {Backus}' language",
  journal =      j-CACM,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "185--185",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1962",
  CODEN =        "CACMA2",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/366920.366925",
  ISSN =         "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0001-0782",
  bibdate =      "Fri Nov 25 18:19:38 MST 2005",
  bibsource =    "http://www.acm.org/pubs/contents/journals/cacm/;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1960.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Gorn:1961:SLM}.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "Communications of the ACM",
  journal-URL =  "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Knuth:1964:LEB,
  author =       "Donald E. Knuth",
  title =        "Letter to the Editor: {Backus Normal Form} vs. {Backus
                 Naur Form}",
  journal =      j-CACM,
  volume =       "7",
  number =       "12",
  pages =        "735--736",
  month =        dec,
  year =         "1964",
  CODEN =        "CACMA2",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/355588.365140",
  ISSN =         "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0001-0782",
  bibdate =      "Sat Nov 26 11:19:25 2005",
  bibsource =    "http://portal.acm.org/;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/contents/journals/cacm/;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1960.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "Communications of the ACM",
  journal-URL =  "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm",
  remark =       "From the letter: ``Therefore I propose that henceforth
                 we always say ``Backus Naur Form'' instead of Backus
                 Normal Form, when referring to such a syntax. This
                 terminology has several advantages: (1) It gives the
                 proper credit to both Backus and Naur; (2) It preserves
                 the oft-used abbreviation ``BNF''; (3) It does not call
                 a Form a Normal Form",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007);
                 Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
}

@Article{Petrick:1965:MBN,
  author =       "S. R. Petrick",
  title =        "More on {Backus Normal Form}",
  journal =      j-CACM,
  volume =       "8",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "200--201",
  month =        mar,
  year =         "1965",
  CODEN =        "CACMA2",
  ISSN =         "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0001-0782",
  bibdate =      "Sun Sep 18 23:22:36 1994",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Compiler/bevan.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1960.bib",
  note =         "Letter to the editor",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  checked =      "19940404",
  fjournal =     "Communications of the ACM",
  journal-URL =  "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm",
  sjb =          "Notes that ``Backus Normal Form'' has long been a
                 source of irritation since it isn't a normal form and
                 more importantly because he is one of the people who
                 ``have objected to the term Backus Normal form because
                 it is just a new name of an old concept in
                 linguistics.'' Notes that Knuth's defense of BNF is
                 weak since of the five listed differences, Petrick is
                 amazed that Knuth thinks they are anything except
                 notational variants.",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Book{ANSI:1966:AF,
  author =       "{American National Standards Institute}",
  title =        "{ANSI Fortran X3.9-1966}",
  publisher =    pub-ANSI,
  address =      pub-ANSI:adr,
  pages =        "??",
  year =         "1966",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib",
  note =         "Approved March 7, 1966 (also known as Fortran 66). See
                 also subsequent clarifications \cite{ANSI:1969:CFS} and
                 \cite{ANSI:1971:CFS}.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Book{ANSI:1966:ANS,
  author =       "{American National Standards Institute} and {Business
                 Equipment Manufacturers Association (U.S.)}",
  title =        "{American National Standard Basic FORTRAN}:
                 {X3.10-1966}",
  publisher =    pub-ANSI,
  address =      pub-ANSI:adr,
  pages =        "32",
  year =         "1966",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 27 13:40:57 MST 1996",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  annote =       "Approved March 7, 1966. American Natl Std Basic
                 FORTRAN, X3.10-1966, was developed in parallel with
                 American Standard FORTRAN, X3.9-1966, to ensure that
                 Basic FORTRAN was a subset \ldots{}.",
  keywords =     "{Fortran} (Computer program language)",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Geppert:1966:BBJ,
  author =       "M. G. Geppert",
  title =        "{Buchbesprechung: Backus, J. W., F. L. Bauer, J.
                 Green, C. Katz, J. McCarthy, P. Naur, A. J. Perlis, H.
                 Rutishauser, K. Samelson, B. Vauquois, J. H. Wegstein,
                 A. Van Wijngarden und M. Woodger: \booktitle{Bericht
                 {\"u}ber die algorithmische Sprache Algol 60}.
                 (\booktitle{Report on the algorithmic language Algol
                 60}. {\"U}bers. Kerner J. O. u. Mitarb.).
                 Akademie-Verlag Berlin 1962. vi + 49 S., Preis MDN
                 10,50}",
  journal =      j-BIOMETRISCHE-Z,
  volume =       "8",
  number =       "1-2",
  pages =        "121--121",
  year =         "1966",
  CODEN =        "BIZEB3",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.19660080111",
  ISSN =         "0006-3452",
  bibdate =      "Sun Aug 23 10:58:38 2020",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "Biometrische Zeitschrift",
  subject-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26
                 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10
                 November 1970); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17
                 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May
                 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
}

@Article{Johansen:1966:CRD,
  author =       "Peter Johansen",
  title =        "Construction of Recognition Devices for Regular
                 Languages from their {Backus Normal Form} Definition",
  journal =      j-NORDISK-TIDSKR-INFORM-BEHAND,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "294--309",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1966",
  CODEN =        "BITTEL, NBITAB",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01966090",
  ISSN =         "0006-3835 (print), 1572-9125 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0006-3835",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jan 4 18:52:09 MST 2006",
  bibsource =    "http://springerlink.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=issue&issn=0006-3835&volume=6&issue=4;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/bit.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=0006-3835&volume=6&issue=4&spage=294",
  ZMnumber =     "0145.24301",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "BIT. Nordisk Tidskrift for Informationsbehandling",
  journal-URL =  "http://link.springer.com/journal/10543",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  ZBmath =       "3234422",
}

@Book{Rosen:1966:PSL,
  editor =       "Saul Rosen",
  title =        "Programming Systems and Languages",
  publisher =    pub-MCGRAW-HILL,
  address =      pub-MCGRAW-HILL:adr,
  pages =        "xv + 734",
  year =         "1966",
  LCCN =         "QA76.5 .R53",
  bibdate =      "Tue Jan 23 19:03:21 2001",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib",
  note =         "Reissued in 1967. Contains a reprint of the first
                 published paper on Fortran \cite{Backus:1957:FAC} on
                 pp. 29--47.",
  series =       "McGraw-Hill computer science series",
  acknowledgement = ack-mm # " and " # ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Ingerman:1967:PBF,
  author =       "Peter Zilahy Ingerman",
  title =        "{``P{\=a}nini--Backus Form''} suggested",
  journal =      j-CACM,
  volume =       "10",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "137--137",
  month =        mar,
  year =         "1967",
  CODEN =        "CACMA2",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/363162.363165",
  ISSN =         "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0001-0782",
  bibdate =      "Fri Nov 25 18:20:12 MST 2005",
  bibsource =    "http://www.acm.org/pubs/contents/journals/cacm/;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1960.bib",
  URL =          "https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/363162.363165",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "Communications of the ACM",
  journal-URL =  "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm",
  remark =       "The author reports that a scholar from India, who
                 lived sometime between 400 BCE and 200 BCE, developed a
                 notation for the grammar of Sanskrit that is similar to
                 that of Backus for programming languages..",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@TechReport{Saphire:1967:IJB,
  author =       "Larry Saphire",
  title =        "Interview of {John Backus, San Francisco,
                 California}",
  type =         "IBM Oral History of Computer Technology",
  number =       "TC-46",
  institution =  pub-IBM,
  address =      pub-IBM:adr,
  pages =        "55",
  day =          "15",
  month =        dec,
  year =         "1967",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 15:18:14 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  URL =          "https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/FORTRAN/paper/Saphire_Interview_of_John_Backus-TC-46-1967_12_15.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Rohl:1968:NBN,
  author =       "J. S. Rohl",
  title =        "A note on {Backus Naur Form}",
  journal =      j-COMP-J,
  volume =       "10",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "336--337",
  month =        feb,
  year =         "1968",
  CODEN =        "CMPJA6",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/10.4.336",
  ISSN =         "0010-4620 (print), 1460-2067 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0010-4620",
  bibdate =      "Tue Dec 4 14:47:39 MST 2012",
  bibsource =    "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/4.toc;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_10/Issue_04/;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj1960.bib",
  URL =          "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/4/336.full.pdf+html;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_10/Issue_04/100336.sgm.abs.html;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_10/Issue_04/tiff/336.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_10/Issue_04/tiff/337.tif",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "The Computer Journal",
  journal-URL =  "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007);
                 Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
}

@Article{ANSI:1969:CFS,
  author =       "{ANSI Subcommittee X3J3}",
  title =        "Clarification of {Fortran} Standards\emdash Initial
                 Progress",
  journal =      j-CACM,
  volume =       "12",
  pages =        "289--294",
  year =         "1969",
  CODEN =        "CACMA2",
  ISSN =         "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0001-0782",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib",
  note =         "See also \cite{ANSI:1966:AF,ANSI:1971:CFS}.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "Communications of the ACM",
  journal-URL =  "http://portal.acm.org/browse_dl.cfm?idx=J79",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Nuding:1970:COR,
  author =       "E. Nuding and I. Kahlert-Warmbold",
  title =        "A computer-oriented representation of matrices",
  journal =      j-COMPUTING,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "1--2",
  pages =        "1--8",
  month =        mar,
  year =         "1970",
  CODEN =        "CMPTA2",
  ISSN =         "0010-485X (print), 1436-5057 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0010-485X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Jan 2 17:40:51 MST 2001",
  bibsource =    "http://springerlink.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=journal&issn=0010-485X;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/computing.bib;
                 INSPEC Axiom database (1968--date)",
  ZMnumber =     "212.16902",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Univ. Heidelberg, West Germany",
  classification = "C6120",
  description =  "data structures; matrix algebra",
  fjournal =     "Computing",
  journal-URL =  "http://link.springer.com/journal/607",
  keywords =     "Backus normal form; computer oriented matrix
                 representation; data structures; matrix description
                 language; sparse matrices",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{ANSI:1971:CFS,
  author =       "{ANSI Subcommittee X3J3}",
  title =        "Clarification of {Fortran} Standards\emdash Second
                 Report",
  journal =      j-CACM,
  volume =       "14",
  pages =        "628--642",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "CACMA2",
  ISSN =         "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0001-0782",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib",
  note =         "See also \cite{ANSI:1966:AF,ANSI:1969:CFS}.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "Communications of the ACM",
  journal-URL =  "http://portal.acm.org/browse_dl.cfm?idx=J79",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Culik:1972:BRJa,
  author =       "Karel {\v{C}}ul{\'\i}k",
  title =        "Book Review: {J. W. Backus, F. L. Bauer, J. Green, C.
                 Katz, J. McCarthy, P. Naur (editor), A. J. Perlis, H.
                 Rutishauser, K. Samelson, B. Vauquois, J. H. Wegstein,
                 A. van Wijngaarden, and M. Woodger. \booktitle{Report
                 on the algorithmic language ALGOL 60}. Numerische
                 Mathematik, vol. 2 (1960), pp. 106--136; also
                 Communications of the Association for Computing
                 Machinery, vol. 3 (1960), pp. 299--314}",
  journal =      j-J-SYMBOLIC-LOGIC,
  volume =       "37",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "622--623",
  month =        sep,
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "JSYLA6",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.2307/2272793",
  ISSN =         "0022-4812 (print), 1943-5886 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-4812",
  bibdate =      "Sun Aug 23 12:22:38 2020",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  URL =          "https://www.jstor.org/stable/2272793;
                 ttps://www.jstor.org/stable/2272793",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "Journal of Symbolic Logic",
  journal-URL =  "http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.jsl;
                 http://www.jstor.org/journal/jsymboliclogic",
  subject-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26
                 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10
                 November 1970); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17
                 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May
                 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
}

@Article{Culik:1972:BRJb,
  author =       "Karel {\v{C}}ul{\'\i}k",
  title =        "Book Review: {J. W. Backus, F. L. Bauer, J. Green, C.
                 Katz, J. McCarthy, P. Naur, A. J. Perlis, H.
                 Rutishauser, K. Samelson, B. Vauquois, J. H. Wegstein,
                 A. van Wijngaarden, and M. Woodger. \booktitle{Revised
                 report on the algorithmic language ALGOL 60}.
                 Numerische Mathematik, vol. 4 (1962--1963), pp.
                 420--453; also ibid., vol. 6 (1963), pp. 1--17; and The
                 Computer Journal, vol. 5 no. 4 (1963), pp. 349--367}",
  journal =      j-J-SYMBOLIC-LOGIC,
  volume =       "37",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "623--624",
  month =        sep,
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "JSYLA6",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.2307/2272794",
  ISSN =         "0022-4812 (print), 1943-5886 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-4812",
  bibdate =      "Sun Aug 23 12:23:54 2020",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  URL =          "https://www.jstor.org/stable/2272794",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "Journal of Symbolic Logic",
  journal-URL =  "http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.jsl;
                 http://www.jstor.org/journal/jsymboliclogic",
  subject-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26
                 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10
                 November 1970); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17
                 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May
                 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
}

@Article{Chaplin:1973:GRB,
  author =       "R. I. Chaplin and R. E. Crosbie and J. L. Hay",
  title =        "A graphical representation of the {Backus--Naur}
                 form",
  journal =      j-COMP-J,
  volume =       "16",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "28--29",
  month =        feb,
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "CMPJA6",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/16.1.28",
  ISSN =         "0010-4620 (print), 1460-2067 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0010-4620",
  bibdate =      "Tue Dec 4 14:47:51 MST 2012",
  bibsource =    "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/1.toc;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_16/Issue_01/;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj1970.bib",
  URL =          "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/1/28.full.pdf+html;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_16/Issue_01/160028.sgm.abs.html;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_16/Issue_01/tiff/28.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_16/Issue_01/tiff/29.tif",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  classcodes =   "C4210 (Formal logic)",
  corpsource =   "Univ. Salford, UK",
  fjournal =     "The Computer Journal",
  journal-URL =  "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/",
  keywords =     "Backus Naur form; computer languages; flow diagram;
                 formal languages; graphical representation;
                 inconsistencies; interconnection; logical; standard
                 block; structure of the language",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007);
                 Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  treatment =    "T Theoretical or Mathematical",
}

@Article{Konstantinov:1973:CTG,
  author =       "V. I. Konstantinov",
  title =        "{Konstruktion von TR-Grammatiken nach Grammatiken in
                 der Backus--Naur-Form}. ({German}) [{Construction} of
                 {TR}-grammars based on grammars in the {Backus--Naur}
                 form]",
  journal =      "Vycislit. Sistemy, Novosibirsk",
  volume =       "57",
  pages =        "91--97, 162",
  year =         "1973",
  ISSN =         "0568-661x",
  MRclass =      "68A30 68N01 68Q45",
  MRnumber =     "351166",
  MRreviewer =   "E. Stotski{\u\i}",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 8 08:12:23 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib",
  ZMnumber =     "0283.68013",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "Akademija Nauk SSSR. Sibirskoe Otdelenie. Institut
                 Matematiki. Vy\v cislitel\cprime nye Sistemy. Sbornik
                 Trudov",
  language =     "German",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007);
                 Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  ZBmath =       "3444777",
}

@Article{Kusmierz:1974:AMP,
  author =       "Grazyna Kusmierz and Ryszard Janda",
  title =        "Application method of program-generator of any
                 language written in {Backus} notation as an acceptor of
                 this language",
  journal =      "Algorytmy",
  volume =       "11",
  number =       "20",
  pages =        "85--135",
  year =         "1974",
  MRclass =      "68N01 68W99 68Q45",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 11:11:18 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  ZMnumber =     "0304.68011",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  language =     "Polish",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  ZBmath =       "3476554",
}

@TechReport{McJones:1975:CRP,
  author =       "Paul McJones",
  title =        "A {Church--Rosser} Property of Closed Applicative
                 Languages",
  type =         "Research Report",
  number =       "RJ 1589",
  institution =  "IBM Research Laboratory",
  address =      "San Jose, CA, USA",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1975",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 16:30:23 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.mcjones.org/paul/rj1589.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Y:1977:JBF,
  author =       "E. K. Y.",
  title =        "{John Backus} of {Fortran} fame: how he'd unclog the
                 `{von Neumann}' bottleneck",
  journal =      j-DATAMATION,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "142--143, 145",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "DTMNAT",
  ISSN =         "0011-6963",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jun 13 16:37:20 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib",
  URL =          "https://www.bitsavers.org/magazines/Datamation/197701.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  fjournal =     "Datamation",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Book{ANSI:1978:ANSb,
  author =       "{American National Standards Institute}",
  title =        "{American National Standard} programming language
                 {FORTRAN}: approved {April 3, 1978, American National
                 Standards Institute, Inc.}: {ANSI X3.9-1978. Revision
                 of ANSI X3.9-1966}",
  publisher =    pub-ANSI,
  address =      pub-ANSI:adr,
  edition =      "Revised",
  pages =        "438",
  year =         "1978",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 24 15:49:20 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  annote =       "ANSI standard Z3.9-1978 has been adopted as CSA
                 standard Z243.18-1980 January, 1980, and as ISO
                 1539-1980 (E). Also adopted by the U.S. Department of
                 Defense.",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Book{ANSI:1978:ANSc,
  author =       "{American National Standards Institute}",
  title =        "{American National Standard} programming language,
                 {FORTRAN}",
  publisher =    pub-ANSI,
  address =      pub-ANSI:adr,
  edition =      "Revised",
  pages =        "438",
  year =         "1978",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 19 08:07:31 2000",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib",
  note =         "Available on the World-Wide Web at
                 \path=http://observer.gsfc.nasa.gov/iteams/doc/ansi_f77.ps=,
                 \path=http://observer.gsfc.nasa.gov/iteams/doc/f77.doc=,
                 \path=http://observer.gsfc.nasa.gov/iteams/doc/f77_cov.pdf=,
                 and
                 \path=http://observer.gsfc.nasa.gov/iteams/doc/f77_doc.pdf=.",
  series =       "{American National Standard}; ANSI X3.9-1978 CSA
                 standard; Z243.18-1980 American National Standards
                 Institute. {American National Standard}; ANSI
                 X3.9-1978. Canadian Standard Association. CSA standard;
                 Z243.18-1980.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  annote =       "Cover title: Programming language, FORTRAN. ``Revision
                 of ANSI X3.9-1966''. ``ANSI standard Z3.9-1978 has been
                 adopted as a CSA standard January, 1980''--Label on
                 cover. ``Adopted by the Department of
                 Defense''--Cover.",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Misc{ANSI:1978:ANSd,
  author =       "{American National Standards Institute}",
  title =        "{American National Standard} programming language
                 {FORTRAN}: approved {April 3, 1978, American National
                 Standards Institute, Inc.}: {ANSI X3.9-1978. Revision
                 of ANSI X3.9-1966}",
  howpublished = "World-Wide Web document.",
  year =         "1978",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jan 24 06:23:57 2001",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib",
  note =         "This is an online hypertext of the Fortran 77
                 Standard.",
  URL =          "http://www.fortran.com/fortran/F77_std/rjcnf0001.html",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Book{ANSI:1978:FUX,
  author =       "{American National Standards Institute.Committee on
                 Computers X3 Information Processing}",
  title =        "{Fortran} 77: unofficial, {X3J3\slash} 90.5,
                 (78-06-01)",
  publisher =    pub-ANSI,
  address =      pub-ANSI:adr,
  pages =        "371",
  year =         "1978",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 27 13:40:57 MST 1996",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  annote =       "Cover title. ``Unofficial Editor's Draft.'' Revision
                 of American National Standard FORTRAN, X3.9-1966.
                 Photocopy.",
  keywords =     "{Fortran} (Computer program language)",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Unpublished{Dijkstra:1978:RTA,
  author =       "Edsger W. Dijkstra",
  title =        "A review of the 1977 {Turing Award Lecture} by {John
                 Backus}",
  pages =        "5",
  year =         "1978",
  bibdate =      "Mon Mar 16 08:14:00 2015",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/acm-turing-awards.bib",
  note =         "Circulated privately.",
  URL =          "http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/ewd06xx/EWD692.PDF",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (11 May 1930--6 August 2002)",
  filesize =     "143 KB",
  oldlabel =     "EWD:EWD692",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Stegmann:1979:PYP,
  author =       "Claire Stegmann",
  title =        "Pathfinder: For 25 years a programming pioneer {John
                 Backus} still crackles with ideas",
  journal =      "Think Magazine",
  volume =       "45",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "18--24",
  month =        jul # "\slash " # aug,
  year =         "1979",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jun 13 15:18:31 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  URL =          "https://lc.fie.umich.mx/~legg/clases/paradigmasdeprogramacion/Backus-Think.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  remark-1 =     "From page 22: ``FORTRAN did greatly increase
                 programmer productivity. What had previously taken
                 1,000 machine instructions could now be written in 47
                 statements. \ldots{} By the fall of 1958, more than
                 half the machine instructions of the [IBM] 704 were
                 being generated by FORTRAN.''",
  remark-2 =     "The article includes five color photographs of John
                 Backus.",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@InProceedings{Robinet:1980:LBS,
  author =       "B. Robinet",
  editor =       "M. Dauchet and E. Lilin",
  booktitle =    "Les arbres en alg{\`e}bre et en programmation,
                 5i{\`e}me Colloque, {Lille}, 23--25 f{\`e}vrier 1980",
  title =        "Les langages de {Backus} sont des syst{\`e}mes de
                 manipulation d'arbres. ({French}) [{Backus}' languages
                 are tree-manipulation systems]",
  publisher =    "Universit{\'e} de Lille",
  address =      "Lille, France",
  pages =        "83--94",
  year =         "1980",
  MRclass =      "68Q65 68N01 68Q45 03B40",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 11:11:18 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  ZMnumber =     "0444.68025",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  language =     "French",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  ZBmath =       "3694575",
}

@Article{Allen:1981:HLP,
  author =       "F. E. Allen",
  title =        "The History of Language Processor Technology in
                 {IBM}",
  journal =      j-IBM-JRD,
  volume =       "25",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "535--548",
  month =        sep,
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "IBMJAE",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.255.0535",
  ISSN =         "0018-8646 (print), 2151-8556 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0018-8646",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 25 14:26:59 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ibmjrd.bib",
  abstract =     "The history of language processor technology in IBM is
                 described in this paper. Most of the paper is devoted
                 to compiler technology; interpreters, assemblers, and
                 macro systems are discussed briefly. The emphasis is on
                 scientific contributions and technological advances
                 from a historical perspective. The synergistic
                 relationship between theory and practice is a
                 subtheme.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "IBM J. Res. Develop.",
  classcodes =   "C6150C (Compilers, interpreters and other
                 processors)",
  classification = "722; 723",
  corpsource =   "IBM Thomas J. Watson Res. Center, Yorktown Heights,
                 NY, USA",
  fjournal =     "IBM Journal of Research and Development",
  journal-URL =  "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=5288520",
  journalabr =   "IBM J Res Dev",
  keywords =     "assemblers; compiler technology; computer operating
                 systems; computer programming languages; history;
                 interpreters; language processor technology; macro
                 systems; program assemblers; program compilers; program
                 interpreters",
  remark-1 =     "From page 537: ``With the exception of work by Ershov
                 [22], these ideas were not fully explored until very
                 recently [23, 24]. It is interesting to note that the
                 compiler used a technique when constructing and
                 accessing the table of variables which has since become
                 known as hashing. This technique, in almost exactly the
                 same form, is used commonly today. Knuth [25] cites H.
                 P. Luhn with originating hashing and describing it in
                 an IBM memorandum written in 1953. At about the same
                 time another group of IBM people, Gene Amdahl, Elaine
                 Boehm, Nathaniel Rochester, and Arthur Samuel,
                 independently developed hashing for use in an assembly
                 program they were writing for the [IBM] 701.''",
  remark-2 =     "From page 540: ``FORTRAN for the 1401 The 1401,
                 announced in 1959, was a small, character-oriented
                 computer imposing a severe set of constraints on the
                 FORTRAN compiler design [50]. It was designed to
                 operate in 8000 storage locations (characters) with
                 tape usage being optional. We mention the FORTRAN
                 compiler for the 1401 in this history because it
                 exemplifies an interesting design for a small system.
                 The compiler consisted of 64 phases, the first three of
                 which were loaded before the program. The entire
                 program was then read in, and the remainder of the
                 compiler was passed against the program, one phase at a
                 time. When the compiler was finished, the program was
                 in executable form in memory and could be executed
                 immediately.''",
  remark-3 =     "From page 541: ``The syntactic notation BNF, commonly
                 used to specify a grammar, was introduced by John
                 Backus in 1959 [58], It is discussed elsewhere in this
                 issue,''",
  remark-4 =     "From page 542: ``On April 7, 1964, IBM announced the
                 System/360. The announcement included five basic,
                 compatible computer models with 19 combinations of
                 speed and storage capacity; the largest processor was
                 100 times more powerful than the smallest, and the main
                 storage capacity ranged from 8192 bytes to more than
                 eight million.''",
  remark-5 =     "From page 542: ``\ldots{} three distinct FORTRAN
                 compilers were written for use with the main operating
                 system OS: an E level requiring 32000 bytes, a G
                 requiring 128000, and an H requiring 256000.''",
  remark-6 =     "From page 542: ``The design was incorporated into an
                 optimizing compiler for PL/I (PLIOPT) and also proved
                 adequate for supporting the FORTRAN compiler itself,
                 70\% of which was written in FORTRAN.''",
  remark-7 =     "From page 545: ``In his paper on the history of
                 FORTRAN [29], John Backus corroborates this view. The
                 next paragraph is from that paper. `To this day I
                 believe that our emphasis on object program efficiency
                 rather than on language design was basically correct. I
                 believe that had we failed to produce efficient
                 programs, the widespread use of languages like FORTRAN
                 would have been seriously delayed.'\,''",
  remark-8 =     "From page 546: ``Two people, John Backus and John
                 Cocke, deserve special re-acknowledgment for their many
                 major contributions to language processor technology.
                 John Backus developed Speedcode, made FORTRAN happen
                 (with the help of a very fine group [30]), and invented
                 BNF among other things. John Cocke has contributed to
                 nearly every aspect of language processor science and
                 technology, program analysis and optimization, parsing,
                 register allocation, and macro systems, as well as to
                 areas such as improved hardware architecture which make
                 these tasks.''",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  treatment =    "B Bibliography; G General Review",
}

@Article{Lucas:1981:FSP,
  author =       "P. Lucas",
  title =        "Formal Semantics of Programming Languages: {VDL}",
  journal =      j-IBM-JRD,
  volume =       "25",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "549--561",
  month =        sep,
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "IBMJAE",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.255.0549",
  ISSN =         "0018-8646 (print), 2151-8556 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0018-8646",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 25 14:26:59 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ibmjrd.bib",
  abstract =     "The history of ideas that led to the first
                 formalization of the syntax and semantics of PL/I is
                 sketched. The definition method and notation are known
                 as the Vienna Definition Language (VDL). The paper
                 examines the relationship between VDL and both
                 denotational semantics and the axiomatic approach to
                 programming language definition.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "IBM J. Res. Develop.",
  classcodes =   "C4210 (Formal logic); C6140D (High level languages)",
  classification = "723",
  corpsource =   "IBM Res. Div. Lab., San Jose, CA, USA",
  fjournal =     "IBM Journal of Research and Development",
  journal-URL =  "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=5288520",
  journalabr =   "IBM J Res Dev",
  keywords =     "axiomatic approach; computer programming languages;
                 definition; formal languages; high level languages;
                 history; Language; PL/I; programming language;
                 semantics; syntax; Vienna Definition",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  treatment =    "B Bibliography; G General Review",
}

@Article{Sammet:1981:HIT,
  author =       "Jean E. Sammet",
  title =        "History of {IBM}'s Technical Contributions to High
                 Level Programming Languages",
  journal =      j-IBM-JRD,
  volume =       "25",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "520--534",
  month =        sep,
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "IBMJAE",
  ISSN =         "0018-8646 (print), 2151-8556 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0018-8646",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 25 14:26:59 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ibmjrd.bib",
  abstract =     "Those IBM languages deemed to have made major
                 contributions are (in alphabetical order) APL, FORTRAN,
                 GPSS, and PL/I. Smaller contributions (because of
                 lesser general usage) have been made by Commercial
                 Translator, CPS, FOR-MAC, QUIKTRAN, and SCRATCHPAD.
                 Major contributions were made in the area of formal
                 definition of languages, through the introduction of
                 BNF (Backus-Naur Form) for defining language syntax and
                 VDL (Vienna Definition language) for semantics.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "IBM J. Res. Develop.",
  classcodes =   "C6140D (High level languages)",
  classification = "723",
  corpsource =   "IBM Federal Systems Div. Headquarters, Bethesda, MD,
                 USA",
  fjournal =     "IBM Journal of Research and Development",
  journal-URL =  "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=5288520",
  journalabr =   "IBM J Res Dev",
  keywords =     "APL; BNF; Commercial; computer programming languages;
                 CPS; FORMAC; FORTRAN; GPSS; high level; high level
                 languages; IBM's technical contributions; PL/I;
                 programming languages; QUIKTRAN; reviews; SCRATCHPAD;
                 Translator; VDL",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  treatment =    "B Bibliography; G General Review",
}

@Article{DeRemer:1982:ECL,
  author =       "Frank DeRemer and Thomas Pennello",
  title =        "Efficient Computation of {LALR(1)} Look-Ahead Sets",
  journal =      j-TOPLAS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "615--649",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "ATPSDT",
  ISSN =         "0164-0925 (print), 1558-4593 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0164-0925",
  bibdate =      "Sat May 4 17:32:11 1996",
  bibsource =    "Compiler/bevan.bib; Compiler/Compiler.Lins.bib;
                 Compiler/TOPLAS.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toplas.bib",
  abstract =     "Two relations that capture the essential structure of
                 the problem of computing LALR(1) look-ahead sets are
                 defined, an efficient algorithm is presented to compute
                 the sets in time linear in the size of the relations.
                 In particular, for a PASCAL grammar, the algorithm
                 performs fewer than 15 percent of the set unions
                 performed by the popular compiler-compiler YACC. When a
                 grammar is not LALR(1), the relations, represented
                 explicitly, provide for printing user-oriented error
                 messages that specifically indicate {\em how\/} the
                 look-ahead problem arose. In addition, certain loops in
                 the digraphs induced by these relations indicate that
                 the grammar is not LR($k$) for any $k$. Finally, on
                 oft-discovered and used but {\em incorrect\/}
                 look-ahead set algorithm is similarly based on two
                 other relations defined for the first time here. The
                 formal presentation of this algorithm should help
                 prevent its rediscovery.",
  acknowledgement = ack-pb,
  ajournal =     "ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst.",
  checked =      "19940302",
  fjournal =     "ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and
                 Systems",
  journal-URL =  "http://portal.acm.org/browse_dl.cfm?idx=J783",
  keywords =     "Backus-Naur form; compiler generators; context-free
                 grammar; grammar debugging.; LALR(1); LR(k); parsing;
                 strongly connected component; syntax; translator
                 writing systems",
  source =       "Dept. Library",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007);
                 Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
}

@Article{Spector:1983:LPM,
  author =       "David Spector",
  title =        "Lexing and parsing {Modula-2}",
  journal =      j-SIGPLAN,
  volume =       "18",
  number =       "10",
  pages =        "25--32",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "SINODQ",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/988175.988181",
  ISSN =         "0362-1340 (print), 1523-2867 (print), 1558-1160
                 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0362-1340",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jan 31 18:48:10 2011",
  bibsource =    "http://portal.acm.org/;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/sigplan1980.bib",
  abstract =     "This paper attempts to be a complete description, from
                 the implementor's viewpoint, of the basic lexing and
                 parsing requirements of the Modula-2 language. The
                 lexical structure is described informally, while the
                 syntax is specified formally by an LALR(1) grammar
                 expressed in BNF (Backus-Naur Form).Further information
                 is available in the Modula-2 language definition [1].",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  classification = "C4210 (Formal logic); C6140D (High level languages);
                 C6150C (Compilers, interpreters and other processors)",
  corpsource =   "Prime Computer Inc., Framingham, MA, USA",
  fjournal =     "ACM SIGPLAN Notices",
  journal-URL =  "https://dl.acm.org/loi/sigplan",
  keywords =     "Backus-Naur form; compilers; formal languages;
                 grammars; high level languages; LALR(1) grammar;
                 lexical structure; lexing; Modula-2; parsing; program
                 compilers; syntax",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007);
                 Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  treatment =    "P Practical",
}

@Book{ANSI-X3J3:1987:DPR,
  author =       "{American National Standards Institute.Technical
                 Committee X3J3}",
  title =        "Draft proposed revised {American National Standard}
                 programming language {Fortran}",
  publisher =    "X3 Secretariat/CBEMA",
  address =      "Washington, DC, USA",
  edition =      "Version 104",
  pages =        "various",
  year =         "1987",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 24 15:49:20 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "FORTRAN (Computer program language) --- Standards ---
                 United; States",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Book{ANSI:1987:ANSc,
  author =       "{American National Standards Institute}",
  title =        "{American National Standard} programming language,
                 {FORTRAN}: draft proposed: revision of {ANSI
                 X3.9-1978}. {X3 Project 67-R}",
  publisher =    pub-GLOBAL-ENG,
  address =      pub-GLOBAL-ENG:adr,
  edition =      "Revised",
  pages =        "various",
  year =         "1987",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 24 15:49:20 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Book{ANSI:1987:ANSd,
  author =       "{American National Standards Institute} and {Computer
                 and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association}",
  title =        "{American National Standard} for information systems:
                 programming language {Fortran}: {S8 (X3.9-198X):
                 Revision of ANSI X3.9-1978}",
  publisher =    pub-ANSI,
  address =      pub-ANSI:adr,
  pages =        "various",
  year =         "1987",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 24 15:49:20 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "FORTRAN (Computer program language) --- Standards",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Manual{ANSI:1987:DPA,
  title =        "Draft Proposed {ANSI Fortran X3.9-198x}",
  organization = pub-ANSI,
  address =      pub-ANSI:adr,
  day =          "18",
  month =        sep,
  year =         "1987",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/master.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/standard.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  xxnote =       "See also \cite{Metcalf:1987:FE}.",
}

@Book{Cortada:1987:HDD,
  author =       "James W. Cortada",
  title =        "Historical Dictionary of Data Processing:
                 Biographies",
  publisher =    pub-GREENWOOD,
  address =      pub-GREENWOOD:adr,
  pages =        "xiii + 321",
  year =         "1987",
  ISBN =         "0-313-25651-9",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-313-25651-6",
  LCCN =         "QA76.15 .C66 1987",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 20 07:59:47 MDT 2007",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/babbage-charles.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/l/lovelace-ada-augusta.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/m/metropolis-nicholas.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/shannon-claude-elwood.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/adabooks.bib;
                 z3950.loc.gov:7090/Voyager",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Adam Osborne (1939--); Alan J. Perlis (1922--1990);
                 Alan Mathison Turing (1912--1954); Alfred Blake Dick
                 (1856--1934); Alfred Blake Dick, Jr. (1894--1954);
                 Alfred Tarski (1901--I983); Allan Marquand
                 (1853--1924); Allen Newell (1927--1992); Alston Scott
                 Householder (1904--); An Wang (1920--1990); Andrei
                 Petrovich Ershov (1931--1988); Andrew Donald Booth
                 (1918--); Annibale Pastore (1868--1936); Antonin
                 Svoboda (1907--1980); Arie Van Wijngaarden
                 (1933--1987); Arthur Walter Burks (1915--); Baron
                 Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier (1768--1830); Bernard
                 Aaron Galler (1928--); Blaise Pascal (1623--1666);
                 Boris Artybasheff (1899--1965); Borje Langefors
                 (1915--); Brian Randell (1936--); Carl George Lange
                 Barth (1860--1939); Charles Babbage (1791--1871);
                 Charles Katz (1927--); Charles Ranlett Flint
                 (1850--1934); Chester Gordon Bell (1934--); Christopher
                 Strachey (1916--1975); Clair D. Lake (1888--1958);
                 Clark Hull (1884--1952); Claude Elwood Shannon
                 (1916--); Countess of Lovelace, Augusta Ada
                 (1816--1852); Cuthbert C. Hurd (1911--); Dave Packard
                 (1912--); David John Wheeler (1927--); Dean Everett
                 Wooldridge (1913--); Derrick Henry Lehmer (1905--1991);
                 Donald Alexander Flanders (1900--1958); Donald Ervin
                 Knuth (1938--); Dorr Eugene Felt (1862--1930); Douglas
                 Rayner Hartree (1897--1958); Dov Chevion (1917--1983);
                 Edward Andrew Deeds (1874--1960); Emerson W. Pugh
                 (1929--); Emst Georg Fischer (1852--1935); Ernest Galen
                 Andrews (1898--1980); Fernando Jose Corbato (1926--);
                 Frank August Engel, Jr. (1917--); Frank Taylor Cary
                 (1920--); Frederic Calland Williams (1911--1977);
                 Frederick Phillips Brooks, Ir. (1931--); Gary A.
                 Kildall (1942--); Gaspard Schott (1608--1666); Gene
                 Myron Amdahl (1922--); George Barnard Grant
                 (1849--1917); George Bernard Dantzig (1914--); George
                 Boole (1815--1864); George Robert Stibitz (1914--1995);
                 George Winthrop Fairchild (1854--1924); Gordon E. Moore
                 (1929--); Gordon S. Brown (1907--); Gottfried Wilhelm
                 von Leibniz (1646--1716); Grace Brewster Murray Hopper
                 (1906--1992); Harold Locke Hazen (1901--1980); Harry
                 Douglas Huskey (1916--); Heinz Zemanek (1920--); Henry
                 Adams (1838--1918); Henry Briggs (1561--1630); Herbert
                 Alexander Simon (1916--); Herman Heine Goldstine
                 (1913--); Herman Hollerith (1860--1929); Herman Lukoff
                 (1923--1979); Howard Hathaway Aiken (1900--1973); Isaac
                 Levin Auerbach (1921--1992); J. Cliff Shaw
                 (1922--1991); Jack St. Clair Kilby (1923--); James
                 Franklin Forster (1908--1972); James Henry Rand
                 (1886--1968); James Wares Bryce (1880--1949); Jay
                 Wright Forrester (1918--); Jean E. Sammet (1928--);
                 John Aleksander Rajchman (1911--1989); John Backus
                 (1924--); John Diebold (1926--); John Grist Brainerd
                 (1904--1988); John Hamilton Curtiss (1909--1977); John
                 Henry Patterson (1844--1922); John K. Gore
                 (1845--1910); John McCarthy (1927--); John Napier
                 (1550--1617); John Presper Eckert, Jr. (1919--); John
                 R. Opel (1925--); John R. Pasta (1918--1981); John Shaw
                 Billings (1839--1913); John Vincent Atanasoff (1903--
                 ); John von Neumann (1903--1957); John Weber Carr
                 (1923--); John William Mauchly (1907--1980); Joseph
                 Boyer (1848--1905); Joseph Weizenbaum (1923--);
                 Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752--1834); Jule Gregory
                 Charney (1917--1981); Julian Bigelow (1913--); Julien
                 Green (1924--); Kenneth Harry Olsen (1926--); Konrad
                 Zuse (1910--); Kristen Nygaard (1926--); Leon Bollee
                 (1870--1913); Leonardo Torres y Quevedo (1852--1936);
                 Leslie John Comrie (1893--1950); Leslie Richard Groves
                 (1896--1970); Louis ``Moll'' Nicot Ridenour, Jr.
                 (1911--1959); Lyman Frank Baum (1856--1919); Martin
                 Wiberg (1826--1905); Marvin Lee Minsky (1927--);
                 Maurice d'Ocagne (1862--1938); Maurice Vincent Wilkes
                 (1913--); Mina Spiegel Rees (1902--); Nicholas C.
                 Metropolis (1915--); Niels Ivar Bech (1920--1975);
                 Norbert Wiener (1894--1964); Ole-Johan Dahl (1931--);
                 Overton Evans (1927--); Pehr Georg Scheutz
                 (1785--1873); Percy E. Ludgate (1883--1922); Peter Naur
                 (1928--); Philip Don Estridge (1938--1985); Pierre
                 Jacquet-Droz (1700s); Ralph E. Griswold (1934--); Ralph
                 Ernest Meagher (1917--); Ramon Lull (1235--1315);
                 Ram{\'o}n Verea (1838--1899); Rene Grillet (1600s);
                 Reynold B. Johnson (1906--); Richard Goodman
                 (1911--1966); Richard Utman (1926--); Robert (Bob);
                 Robert Mano Fano (1917--); Robert Norton Noyce
                 (1927--); Robert Rivers Everett (1921--); Robert
                 William Bemer (1920--); Samuel Morland (1625--1695);
                 Saul Rosen (1922--1991); Simon Ramo (1913--); Stanley
                 Gill (1926--1975); Stephen Gary Wozniak (1950--);
                 Steven Paul Jobs (1955--); Theodore Henry Brown
                 (1888--1973); Thomas John Watson (1874--1956); Thomas
                 John Watson, Jr. (1914--); Vannevar Bush (1890--1974);
                 Victor Mikhaylovich Glushkov (1923--1982); Vilhelm
                 Bjerknes (1862--1951); Wallace John Eckert
                 (1902--1971); Walter W. Jacobs (1914--1982); Wilhelm
                 Schickard (1592--1635); Willgodt Theophil Odhner
                 (1845--1905); William Bradford Shockley (1910--);
                 William Frederick Friedman (1891--1969); William H.
                 Gates (1955--); William Louis Van Den Poel (1926--);
                 William Michael Blumenthal (1926--); William Seward
                 Burroughs (1855--1898); William Stanley Jevons
                 (1835--1882); Willis Howard Ware (1920--); Wolfgang von
                 Kempelen (1734--1804)",
  subject =      "Electronic data processing; Dictionaries; Biography",
  subject-dates = "Ada Augusta King, Countess of Lovelace (10 December
                 1815--27 November 1852); Claude Elwood Shannon
                 (1916--2001); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17
                 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January
                 2016)",
}

@Article{LEcuyer:1987:FFR,
  author =       "Pierre L'Ecuyer",
  title =        "Formal Formatting Rules for {Pascal} Programs",
  journal =      j-J-SYST-SOFTW,
  volume =       "7",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "311--322",
  month =        dec,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "JSSODM",
  ISSN =         "0164-1212 (print), 1873-1228 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0164-1212",
  bibdate =      "Wed Dec 16 15:40:53 MST 1998",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/jsystsoftw.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Univ Laval, Que, Can",
  classification = "723",
  journal-URL =  "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01641212",
  journalabr =   "J Syst Software",
  keywords =     "computer programming; computer programming languages
                 --- Pascal; extended Backus-Naur form; formatting
                 rules; language-based editors; Pascal programs;
                 prettyprinting tools",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007);
                 Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
}

@InCollection{Slater:1987:JBM,
  author =       "Robert Slater",
  title =        "{John Backus}: The Man Who Invented {FORTRAN}",
  crossref =     "Slater:1987:PS",
  chapter =      "21",
  pages =        "230--239",
  year =         "1987",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0029",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 10:27:36 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Torii:1987:LPT,
  author =       "Koji Torii and Yuji Sugiyama and Mamoru Fujii and
                 Tadao Kasami and Yoshitomi Morisawa",
  title =        "Logical Programming for the Telegram Analysis
                 Problem",
  journal =      j-COMP-LANGS,
  volume =       "12",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "9--20",
  month =        "????",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "COLADA",
  ISSN =         "0096-0551 (print), 1873-6742 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0096-0551",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 25 14:04:06 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/complngs.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Osaka Univ, Toyonaka, Jpn",
  classcodes =   "C4210 (Formal logic); C6110 (Systems analysis and
                 programming)",
  classification = "722; 723",
  corpsource =   "Fac. of Eng. Sci., Osaka Univ., Japan",
  journal-URL =  "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00960551",
  journalabr =   "Comput Lang",
  keywords =     "Backus-Naur form; BNF; Clause Grammar; computer
                 operating systems --- Program Compilers; computer
                 programming; computer programming languages; Definite;
                 definite clause grammar; grammars; logic programming;
                 logical programming; PROLOG; Prolog; Prolog language;
                 specification methods; telegram analysis; telegram
                 analysis problem",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007);
                 Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  treatment =    "P Practical",
}

@Article{Weiss:1988:BOP,
  author =       "Eric A. Weiss",
  title =        "Biographies: Oh, Pioneers!",
  journal =      j-ANN-HIST-COMPUT,
  volume =       "10",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "348--361",
  month =        oct # "\slash " # dec,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "AHCOE5",
  ISSN =         "0164-1239",
  ISSN-L =       "0164-1239",
  bibdate =      "Fri Nov 1 15:29:13 MST 2002",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/a/turing-alan-mathison.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/babbage-charles.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/f/forsythe-george-elmer.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/h/hoare-c-a-r.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/l/lovelace-ada-augusta.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/m/metropolis-nicholas.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/shannon-claude-elwood.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/t/tukey-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/t/turing-alan-mathison.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/mirrors/ftp.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Misc/annhistcomput.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/mirrors/ftp.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Parallel/super.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/mirrors/ftp.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Theory/cryptography.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/adabooks.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/annhistcomput.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cryptography.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fibquart.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/super.bib",
  URL =          "http://dlib.computer.org/an/books/an1988/pdf/a4348.pdf;
                 http://www.computer.org/annals/an1988/a4348abs.htm",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  annote =       "This paper contains a brief summary of the
                 contributions of 261 individuals to the development of
                 computing.",
  fjournal =     "Annals of the History of Computing",
  journal-URL =  "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=5488650",
  keywords =     "A. Porter; Aard van Wijngaarden; Adin D. Falkoff; Alan
                 J. Perlis; Alan Kay; Alan M. Turing; Allen Newell;
                 Allen W. M. Coombes; Alonzo Church; Alston Scott
                 Householder; Amedee Mannheim; Andrei P. Ershov; Andrew
                 Donald Booth; Andrew Fluegelman; Arnold A. Cohen;
                 Arthur C. Clarke; Arthur Lee Samuel; Arthur Walter
                 Burks; Arturo Rosenblueth; Augusta Ada King (nee
                 Gordon); B. M. Derfee; Blaise Pascal; Bob O. Evans;
                 Brian Havens; Brian Josephson; Brian Randell; Bruce G.
                 Oldfield; C. Gordon Bell; C. J. Date; C. Sheldon
                 Roberts; Carl Adam Petri; Carver Mead; Charles A.
                 Phillips; Charles Antony Richard Hoare; Charles
                 Babbage; Charles Bachman; Charles Xavier Thomas (Thomas
                 de Colmar); Christopher S. Strachey; Clair D. Lake;
                 Claude Elwood Shannon; Clifford E. Berry; Cuthbert C.
                 Hurd; D. W. Davies; Dana Scott; Daniel Delbert
                 McCracken; David J. Wheeler; David Packard; David
                 Sarnoff; Dennis M. Ritchie; Derrick Henry Lehmer;
                 Dionysius Lardner; Donald Ervin Knuth; Donald Lewis
                 Shell; Donald Michie; Donn B. Parker; Dorr E. Felt;
                 Douglas R. Hartree; E. H. Lennaerts; E. T. Irons; Earl
                 R. Larson; Edgar F. Codd; Edmund C. Berkeley; Edsger W.
                 Dijkstra; Edward E. Feigenbaum; Edward Joseph
                 McCluskey; Edward L. (Ted) Glaser; Emil L. Post; Ernest
                 R. Moore; Erwin Tomash; Eugene Kleiner; Fairchild Eight
                 (Julius Blank, Victor H. Grinich, Jean A. Hoerni,
                 Eugene Kleiner, Jay T. Last, Gordon E. Moore, Robert N.
                 Noyce, and C. Sheldon Roberts); Fernando J.
                 Corbat{\'o}; Fletcher Jones; Frances Elizabeth (Betty)
                 Snyder Holberton; Francis Joseph Murray; Frank E.
                 Hamilton; Frank Gray; Frank Rosenblatt; Frederic
                 Calland Williams; Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.; Friedrich
                 L. Bauer; G. B. Grant; G. Truman Hunter; Gene M.
                 Amdahl; Georg and Edvard Scheub; George Bernard
                 Dantzig; George Boole; George Elmer Forsythe; George H.
                 Philbrick; George Robert Stibitz; Gerald M. Weinberg;
                 Gerard Salton; Gordon E. Moore; Gottfried Wilhelm
                 Leibniz; Grace Murray Hopper; Harlan D. Mills; Harlan
                 L. Herrick; Harold Chestnut; Harry Douglas Huskey;
                 Harry H. Goode; Heinz Rutishauser; Helmut Schreyer;
                 Henry Briggs; Henry P. Babbage; Herbert A. Simon;
                 Herbert Leo Gelernter; Herbert R. J. Grosch; Herbert S.
                 Bright; Herman Heine Goldstine; Herman Hollerith;
                 Herman Lukoff; Howard Bromberg; Howard Hathaway Aiken;
                 I. J. Good; Irven Travis; Isaac L. Auerbach; Ivan
                 Edward Sutherland; J. Daniel Cougar; J. Presper Eckert,
                 Jr.; Jack St. Clair Kilby; Jack Tramiel; Jackson
                 Granholm [``kludge'']; James Hardy Wilkinson; James M.
                 Henry; James William Cooley; Jan Aleksander Rajchman;
                 Jay T. Last; Jay W. Forrester; Jean A. Hoerni; Jean E.
                 Sammet; Jeffrey Chuan Chu; Jerrier A. Haddad; Jim
                 Pommerene; John Bardeen; John Burns; John C. McPherson;
                 John Clifford Shaw; John Diebold; John George Kemeny;
                 John Grist Brainerd; John H. Curtiss; John McCarthy;
                 John Napier; John Powers; John R. Pierce; John Todd;
                 John Vincent Atanasoff; John von Neumann; John Warner
                 Backus; John Weber Carr, III; John Wilder Tukey; John
                 William Mauchly; Jonathan Swift; Joseph Carl Robnett
                 Licklider; Joseph Chedaker; Joseph Clement; Joseph
                 Frederick Traub; Joseph Marie Jacquard; Joseph
                 Weizenbaum; Jules I. Schwartz; Julian Bigelow; Julius
                 Blank; Karl Karlstrom; Ken Thompson; Kenneth Eugene
                 Iverson; Kenneth H. Olsen; Konrad Zuse; L. F. Meabrea;
                 Lejaren A. Hiller; Leonardo of Pisa a.k.a. Fibonacci;
                 Leonardo Torres y Quevedo; Leslie John Comrie; Lord
                 Kelvin (William Thomson); Louis Couffignal; Lynn
                 Conway; L{\'e}on Boll{\'e}e; Marian Rejewski; Marvin L.
                 Minsky; Maurice Howard Halstead; Maurice V. Wilkes; Max
                 Palevsky; Maxwell H. A. Newman; Michael O. Rabin;
                 Michael Woodger; Mina Rees; Mitchell D. Kapor; Mohammed
                 ibn Musa Al-Khowarizmi; Morton Michael Astrahan;
                 Nathaniel Rochester; Nicholas Constantine Metropolis;
                 Niklaus Wirth; Noam Chomsky; Nolan Bushnell; Norbert
                 Wiener; Oliver G. Selfridge; Orrin Edison Taulbee; Paul
                 Allen; Percy Ludgate; Perry O. Crawford; Peter Naur;
                 Ralph E. Gomory; Richard Clippinger; Richard Courant;
                 Richard Ernest Bellman; Richard J. Canning; Richard M.
                 Bloch; Richard P. Feynman; Richard Snyder; Richard V.
                 D. Campbell; Richard Wesley Hamming; Robert H. Dennard;
                 Robert N. Noyce; Robert R. Everett; Robert S. Barton;
                 Robert Sarnoff; Robert W. Bemer; Robert W. Floyd; Roy
                 Nutt; S. B. Williams; Samuel H. Caldwell; Samuel
                 Morland; Samuel N. Alexander; Saul Rosen; Seymour
                 Papert; Seymour R. Cray; Sidney Fernbach; Stanley Gill;
                 Stephen A. Cook; Stephen Frank Baldwin; Stephen
                 Wozniak; Steven Jobs; T. Vincent Learson; Thomas Eugene
                 Kurtz; Thomas H. Flowers; Thomas J. Watson, Jr.; Thomas
                 J. Watson, Sr.; Thomas Kite Sharpless; Tom Kilburn;
                 Vannevar E Bush; Victor H. Grinich; Vladimar Zworykin;
                 W. J. Deerhake; W. Renwick; W. T. Odhner; Wallace J,
                 Eckert; Walter Pitts; Warren Sturgis McCulloch; Warren
                 Weaver; Wassily Leontieff; Watson Davis; Werner
                 Buchholz; Wilhelm Schickard; William C. Norris; William
                 F. McClelland; William Gates; William Hewlett; William
                 Leybourn; William Orchard-Hays; William Oughtred;
                 William P. Heising; William Seward Burroughs",
  remark =       "This paper contains a brief summary of the
                 contributions of 261 individuals to the development of
                 computing. Norbert Wiener appears incorrectly as
                 Norbert Weiner in this article.",
  subject-dates = "Ada Augusta King, Countess of Lovelace (10 December
                 1815--27 November 1852); Charles Antony Richard Hoare
                 (11 January 1934--5 March 2026); Claude Elwood Shannon
                 (1916--2001); Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (11 May 1930--6
                 August 2002); Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10
                 June 1924--26 March 2015); George Elmer Forsythe (8
                 January 1917--9 April 1972); Heinz Rutishauser (30
                 January 1918--10 November 1970); John von Neumann (28
                 December 1903--8 February 1957); John Warner Backus (3
                 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October
                 1928--3 January 2016)",
}

@Book{ANSI:1989:ANSc,
  author =       "{American National Standards Institute}",
  title =        "{American National Standard} for Information Systems
                 programming and language: {Fortran 8X} draft",
  volume =       "8(4)",
  publisher =    pub-ACM,
  address =      pub-ACM:adr,
  pages =        "various",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1989",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 24 15:49:20 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib",
  note =         "Revision of X3.9-1978",
  series =       "Fortran Forum",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "FORTRAN (Computer program language)",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Manual{ANSI:1990:DPA,
  title =        "Draft Proposed {American National Standard}
                 Programming Language {Fortran} Extended {X3.198-199x}",
  organization = pub-ANSI,
  address =      pub-ANSI:adr,
  day =          "24",
  month =        sep,
  year =         "1990",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/master.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/standard.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  xxnote =       "See also \cite{Metcalf:1987:FE}.",
}

@Article{Buchholz:1990:CQDa,
  author =       "Werner Buchholz and R. Anthony Hyman and Maurice V.
                 Wilkes and Richard E. Smith and George T. Jacobi and
                 Alice R. Burks and Arthur W. Burks and I. Bernard Cohen
                 and I. O. Grattan-Guinness and S. I. Gass and Mike
                 Woodger",
  title =        "Comments, Queries, and Debate: {Whiggism in the
                 History of Science and the Study of the Life and Work
                 of Charles Babbage}; {Whirlwind and Microprogramming};
                 {More on Wilkes, Whirlwind, and Microprogramming};
                 {Pioneer Biographies}; {The Atanasoff Story --- A
                 Response}; {Notes on Babbage, Aiken, and Bowditch};
                 {Joseph Fourier's Anticipation of Linear Programming};
                 {What Does BNF Stand for?}",
  journal =      j-ANN-HIST-COMPUT,
  volume =       "12",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "62--72",
  month =        jan # "\slash " # mar,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "AHCOE5",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10011",
  ISSN =         "0164-1239",
  ISSN-L =       "0164-1239",
  bibdate =      "Fri Nov 1 15:29:14 MST 2002",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/babbage-charles.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wilkes-maurice-v.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/adabooks.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/annhistcomput.bib",
  URL =          "http://dlib.computer.org/an/books/an1990/pdf/a1062.pdf;
                 http://www.computer.org/annals/an1990/a1062abs.htm",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "Sir Maurice Vincent Wilkes (26 June 1913--29 November
                 2010)",
  fjournal =     "Annals of the History of Computing",
  journal-URL =  "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=5488650",
  keywords =     "BNF (Backus-Naur Form, NOT Backus Normal Form)",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007);
                 Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
}

@InProceedings{Aiken:1991:STI,
  author =       "Alex Aiken and Brian Murphy",
  editor =       "David S. Wise",
  booktitle =    "{Conference record of the eighteenth annual ACM
                 Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages:
                 Papers presented at the symposium, Orlando, Florida,
                 January 21--23, 1991}",
  title =        "Static type inference in a dynamically typed
                 language",
  publisher =    pub-ACM,
  address =      pub-ACM:adr,
  bookpages =    "vii + 366",
  pages =        "279--290",
  year =         "1991",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/99583.99621",
  ISBN =         "0-89791-419-8 (paperback)",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-89791-419-2 (paperback)",
  LCCN =         "QA76.7 .A15 1991",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 15 08:03:13 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  series =       "POPL 91",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  collection =   "POPL 91",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Book{ISO:1991:ISI,
  author =       "{International Organization for Standardization} and
                 {International Electrotechnical Commission}",
  title =        "International standard: information, technology,
                 programming languages, {Fortran}",
  publisher =    pub-ISO,
  address =      pub-ISO:adr,
  edition =      "Second",
  pages =        "xvii + 369",
  year =         "1991",
  ISBN =         "????",
  ISBN-13 =      "????",
  LCCN =         "????",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 05 18:04:19 2001",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.iso.ch/cate/d26933.html;
                 http://www.iso.ch/cate/d26934.html;
                 http://www.iso.ch/cate/d29926.html",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  annote =       "Reference number ISO/IEC 1539:1991(E). ``This second
                 edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO
                 1980), which has been technically revised''--P. xii.
                 ``This International Standard specifies the form and
                 establishes the interpretation of programs expressed in
                 the Fortran language (known informally as ``Fortran
                 90'')''--P. xiii.",
  keywords =     "{Fortran} (Computer program language) --- Standards.",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@TechReport{Randell:1991:PBB,
  author =       "Brian Randell",
  title =        "Programming: from {Babbage} to {Backus}",
  type =         "Technical report",
  number =       "327",
  institution =  "University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Computing
                 Laboratory",
  address =      "Newcastle upon Tyne, UK",
  pages =        "17",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1991",
  LCCN =         "????",
  bibdate =      "Sun Feb 3 11:39:24 MST 2013",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/babbage-charles.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 library.ox.ac.uk:210/ADVANCE",
  series =       "Technical report series / University of Newcastle upon
                 Tyne, Computing Laboratory",
  URL =          "https://eprints.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/160290/DA7EC111-C6F7-4AB1-8820-98112C4BA279.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper, prepared for the Babbage Bi-Centennial
                 Conference on `Computing', at the Imperial College of
                 Science, Technology and Medicine (London 1--3 July,
                 1991), gives a somewhat personal view of some of the
                 origins and evolution of programming. It discusses
                 Babbage's own contributions to what we now know as
                 `programming', set against a background of the
                 technology of his day, and the subsequent steps towards
                 programming as developed for the early stored program
                 electronic computers. Brief comments are also made on
                 the later development of the subject, and on its
                 present state and likely future.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject =      "Electronic digital computers; Programming; History",
  subject-dates = "Charles Babbage (26 December 1791--18 October 1871);
                 John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Book{ANSI:1992:ANSc,
  author =       "{American National Standards Institute} and {Computer
                 and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association}",
  title =        "{American National Standard} for programming language,
                 {FORTRAN} --- extended: {ANSI X3.198-1992}: {ISO\slash
                 IEC} 1539: 1991 ({E})",
  publisher =    pub-ANSI,
  address =      pub-ANSI:adr,
  pages =        "xix + 369",
  day =          "21",
  month =        sep,
  year =         "1992",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 24 15:49:20 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  annote =       "Approved September 21, 1992",
  keywords =     "Fortran (Computer program language); Fortran (Computer
                 program language) --- Standards --- United; States",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1993:HPF,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "{High Performance Fortran}",
  journal =      j-SCI-PROG,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "1-2",
  pages =        "1--170",
  month =        "Spring--Summer",
  year =         "1993",
  CODEN =        "SCIPEV",
  ISSN =         "1058-9244 (print), 1875-919X (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "1058-9244",
  bibdate =      "Sun Dec 22 10:19:23 MST 1996",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  classification = "C6110 (Systems analysis and programming); C6140D
                 (High level languages)",
  fjournal =     "Scientific Programming",
  journal-URL =  "http://iospress.metapress.com/content/1058-9244",
  keywords =     "ANSI standard; Fortran 90; High Performance Fortran;
                 International Standard for Fortran; ISO standard",
  pubcountry =   "USA",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  thesaurus =    "ANSI standards; FORTRAN; ISO standards; Programming;
                 Software standards",
}

@InProceedings{Bruggemann-Klein:1993:UERa,
  author =       "A. Br{\"u}ggemann-Klein",
  title =        "Unambiguity of extended regular expressions in {SGML}
                 document grammars",
  crossref =     "Lengauer:1993:AEF",
  bookpages =    "ix + 418",
  pages =        "73--84",
  month =        sep # "--" # oct,
  year =         "1993",
  bibdate =      "Tue Sep 10 19:13:47 MDT 1996",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/sgml.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/string-matching.bib",
  series =       ser-LNCS,
  abstract =     "In the standard generalized markup language (SGML),
                 document types are defined by context-free grammars in
                 an extended Backus-Naur form. The right-hand side of a
                 production is called a content model. Content models
                 are extended regular expressions that have to be
                 unambiguous in the sense that `an element \ldots{} that
                 occurs in the document instance must be able to satisfy
                 only one primitive content token without looking ahead
                 in the document instance.' The author presents a
                 linear-time algorithm that decides whether a given
                 content model is unambiguous. A similar result has
                 previously been obtained not for content models but for
                 the smaller class of standard regular expressions. It
                 relies on the fact that the languages of marked regular
                 expressions are local --- a property that does not hold
                 any more for content models that contain the new and
                 ?-operator. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new
                 techniques for content models. Besides solving an
                 interesting problem in formal language theory, the
                 author's results are relevant for developers of SGML
                 systems. In fact, his definitions are causing changes
                 to the revised edition of the SGML standard, and the
                 algorithm to test content models for unambiguity has
                 been implemented in an SGML parser.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Paderborn Univ., Fachbereich f{\"u}r Math. Inf.,
                 Germany",
  classification = "C4210 (Formal logic); C6140D (High level languages);
                 C7108 (Desktop publishing)",
  confdate =     "30 Sept.-2 Oct. 1993",
  conflocation = "Bad Honnef, Germany",
  keywords =     "Backus-Naur form; Context-free grammars; Document
                 types; Extended regular expressions; Formal language
                 theory; Linear-time algorithm; Marked regular
                 expressions; Parser; SGML document grammars; Standard
                 generalized markup language",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007);
                 Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  thesaurus =    "Context-free grammars; Formal languages; Page
                 description languages",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1994:AJB,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Award for {John Backus}",
  journal =      j-FORTRAN-FORUM,
  volume =       "13",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "17--17",
  month =        mar,
  year =         "1994",
  CODEN =        "????",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/191559.1041030",
  ISSN =         "1061-7264 (print), 1931-1311 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "1061-7264",
  bibdate =      "Tue Apr 23 17:03:02 2002",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran-forum.bib",
  URL =          "https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/191559.1041030",
  abstract =     "Retired IBM Fellow John Backus was named recipient of
                 the 1993 Charles Stark Draper Award, the highest honor
                 of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE). \ldots{}
                 Mr. Backus was cited `for the development of Fortran
                 FORmula TRANslation --- the first general-purpose,
                 high-level computer language, which ushered in the
                 computer software revolution.'",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "ACM Fortran Forum",
  issue =        "37",
  journal-URL =  "https://dl.acm.org/loi/sigplan-fortran",
  remark =       "The half-page announcement is on the last page of the
                 PDF file at the DOI, which belongs to a previous
                 article.",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Book{ISO:1994:IIIe,
  author =       "{ISO}",
  title =        "{ISO\slash IEC 1539-2:1994}: {Information} technology
                 --- {Programming} languages --- {FORTRAN} --- {Part} 2:
                 {Varying} length character strings",
  publisher =    pub-ISO,
  address =      pub-ISO:adr,
  pages =        "66",
  year =         "1994",
  ISBN =         "????",
  ISBN-13 =      "????",
  LCCN =         "????",
  bibdate =      "Wed Apr 26 11:35:51 2000",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib",
  note =         "Available in English only.",
  price =        "CHF 152",
  URL =          "http://www.ansi.org/;
                 http://www.iso.ch/cate/d6129.html",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  pricecode =    "V",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Lewin:1994:FDR,
  author =       "David I. Lewin",
  title =        "{Fortran}'s Developer Receives Top Engineering Award",
  journal =      j-COMPUT-PHYS,
  volume =       "8",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "6--7",
  month =        jan # "\slash " # feb,
  year =         "1994",
  CODEN =        "CPHYE2",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4823261",
  ISSN =         "0894-1866 (print), 1558-4208 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0894-1866",
  bibdate =      "Wed Apr 10 08:45:45 MDT 2019",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/computphys.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib",
  URL =          "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4823261",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Comput. Phys",
  fjournal =     "Computers in Physics",
  journal-URL =  "https://aip.scitation.org/journal/cip",
  remark =       "An interview with John Backus.",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Aiken:1995:SST,
  author =       "Alexander Aiken and John H. Williams and Edward L.
                 Wimmers",
  title =        "Safe: a Semantic Technique for Transforming Programs
                 in the Presence of Errors",
  journal =      j-TOPLAS,
  volume =       "17",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "63--84",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1995",
  CODEN =        "ATPSDT",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/200994.201002",
  ISSN =         "0164-0925 (print), 1558-4593 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0164-0925",
  bibdate =      "Fri Jan 5 07:58:42 MST 1996",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toplas.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org/pubs/toc/Abstracts/0164-0925/201002.html",
  abstract =     "Language designers and implementors have avoided
                 specifying and preserving the meaning of programs that
                 produce errors. This is apparently because being forced
                 to preserve error behavior limits severely the scope of
                 program optimization, even for correct programs.
                 However, error behavior preservation is desirable for
                 debugging, and error behavior must be preserved in any
                 language that permits user-generated errors (i.e.,
                 exceptions).\par

                 This article presents a technique for expressing
                 general program transformations for languages that
                 possess a rich collection of distinguishable error
                 values. This is accomplished by defining a higher-order
                 function called {\bf Safe}, which can be used to
                 annotate those portions of a program that are
                 guaranteed not to produce errors. It is shown that this
                 facilitates the expression of very general program
                 transformations, effectively giving program
                 transformations in a language with many error values
                 the same power and generality as program
                 transformations in a language with only a single error
                 value.\par

                 Using the semantic properties of {\bf Safe}, it is
                 possible to provide some useful sufficient conditions
                 for establishing the correctness of transformations in
                 the presence of errors. In particular, a
                 Substitutability theorem is proven, which can be used
                 to justify ``in-context'' optimizations:
                 transformations that alter the meanings of
                 subexpressions without changing the meaning of the
                 whole program. Finally, the effectiveness of the
                 technique is demonstrated by some examples of its use
                 in an optimizing compiler.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst.",
  fjournal =     "ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and
                 Systems",
  journal-URL =  "http://portal.acm.org/browse_dl.cfm?idx=J783",
  keywords =     "languages; theory",
  subject =      "{\bf D.3.4}: Software, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES,
                 Processors, Optimization. {\bf D.3.1}: Software,
                 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, Formal Definitions and Theory,
                 Semantics.",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Book{ANSI:1997:AII,
  author =       "{American National Standards Institute}",
  title =        "{ANSI\slash ISO\slash IEC 1539-1:1997}: Information
                 technology --- Programming languages --- {Fortran} ---
                 Part 1: Base language",
  publisher =    pub-ANSI,
  address =      pub-ANSI:adr,
  pages =        "????",
  year =         "1997",
  ISBN =         "????",
  ISBN-13 =      "????",
  LCCN =         "????",
  bibdate =      "Tue Dec 12 06:10:00 2000",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib",
  price =        "US\$18.00",
  URL =          "http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ANSI%2FISO%2FIEC+1539%2D1%3A1997;
                 http://www.fortran.com/fortran/iso1539.html",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Book{ISO:1997:IIIa,
  author =       "{ISO}",
  title =        "{ISO\slash IEC 1539-1:1997}: Information technology
                 --- Programming languages --- {Fortran} --- Part 1:
                 Base language",
  publisher =    pub-ISO,
  address =      pub-ISO:adr,
  pages =        "????",
  year =         "1997",
  ISBN =         "????",
  ISBN-13 =      "????",
  LCCN =         "????",
  bibdate =      "Tue Dec 12 06:10:00 2000",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib",
  price =        "US\$195.00",
  URL =          "http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ISO%2FIEC+1539%2D1%3A1997",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Book{ISO:1997:IIIg,
  author =       "{ISO}",
  title =        "{ISO\slash IEC 1539-1:1997}: {Information} technology
                 --- {Programming} languages --- {Fortran} --- {Part} 1:
                 {Base} language",
  publisher =    pub-ISO,
  address =      pub-ISO:adr,
  pages =        "346",
  year =         "1997",
  ISBN =         "????",
  ISBN-13 =      "????",
  LCCN =         "????",
  bibdate =      "Tue Dec 12 07:20:56 2000",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib",
  note =         "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 5. This is the Fortran 95
                 Standard. Available in English only.",
  price =        "CHF 288",
  URL =          "http://www.ansi.org/;
                 http://www.fortran.com/fortran/Books/f95std.html;
                 http://www.iso.ch/cate/d26933.html",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  pricecode =    "XH",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Book{ISO:1998:IITc,
  author =       "{ISO}",
  title =        "{ISO\slash IEC TR 15580:1998}: {Information}
                 technology --- {Programming} languages --- {Fortran}
                 --- {Floating-point} exception handling",
  publisher =    pub-ISO,
  address =      pub-ISO:adr,
  pages =        "27",
  year =         "1998",
  ISBN =         "????",
  ISBN-13 =      "????",
  LCCN =         "????",
  bibdate =      "Tue Dec 12 06:45:58 2000",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib",
  note =         "Available in English only.",
  price =        "CHF 104; US\$72.00",
  URL =          "http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ISO%2FIEC+TR+15580%3A1998;
                 http://www.iso.ch/cate/d28230.html",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  pricecode =    "N",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Book{ISO:1998:IITd,
  author =       "{ISO}",
  title =        "{ISO\slash IEC TR 15581:1998}: {Information}
                 technology --- {Programming} languages --- {Fortran}
                 --- {Enhanced} data type facilities",
  publisher =    pub-ISO,
  address =      pub-ISO:adr,
  pages =        "13",
  year =         "1998",
  ISBN =         "????",
  ISBN-13 =      "????",
  LCCN =         "????",
  bibdate =      "Tue Dec 12 06:46:00 2000",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib",
  note =         "Available in English only.",
  price =        "CHF 68; US\$46.00",
  URL =          "http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ISO%2FIEC+TR+15581%3A1998;
                 http://www.iso.ch/cate/d28231.html",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  pricecode =    "G",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Book{ISO:1999:IIIe,
  author =       "{ISO}",
  title =        "{ISO\slash IEC 1539-3:1999}: {Information} technology
                 --- {Programming} languages --- {Fortran} --- {Part} 3:
                 {Conditional} compilation",
  publisher =    pub-ISO,
  address =      pub-ISO:adr,
  pages =        "21",
  year =         "1999",
  ISBN =         "????",
  ISBN-13 =      "????",
  LCCN =         "????",
  bibdate =      "Tue Dec 12 06:46:08 2000",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib",
  note =         "Available in English only.",
  price =        "CHF 92; US\$62.00",
  URL =          "http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ISO%2FIEC+1539%2D3%3A1999;
                 http://www.iso.ch/cate/d29926.html",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  pricecode =    "L",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Cipra:2000:BCE,
  author =       "Barry A. Cipra",
  title =        "The Best of the {20th Century}: Editors Name Top 10
                 Algorithms",
  journal =      j-SIAM-NEWS,
  volume =       "33",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "1--2",
  month =        may,
  year =         "2000",
  ISSN =         "0036-1437",
  ISSN-L =       "0036-1437",
  bibdate =      "Thu Sep 03 19:34:45 2020",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/h/hoare-c-a-r.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/h/householder-alston-s.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/l/lanczos-cornelius.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/m/metropolis-nicholas.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/stiefel-eduard.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/t/tukey-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/u/ulam-stanislaw-m.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/subjects/fastmultipole.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib",
  URL =          "https://archive.siam.org/pdf/news/637.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "SIAM News",
  journal-URL =  "http://www.siam.org/news/",
  keywords =     "1946: Monte Carlo method (John von Neumann, Stan Ulam,
                 and Nick Metropolis); 1947: simplex method for linear
                 programming (George Dantzig); 1950: Krylov subspace
                 iteration methods and conjugate gradient (Magnus
                 Hestenes, Eduard Stiefel, and Cornelius Lanczos); 1951:
                 decompositional approach to matrix computations (Alston
                 Householder); 1957: Fortran optimizing compiler (John
                 Backus); 1959--1961: QR algorithm (J. G. F. Francis);
                 1962: Quicksort (Tony Hoare); 1965: Fast Fourier
                 Transform (James Cooley and John Tukey); 1977: integer
                 relation detection algorithm (Helaman Ferguson and
                 Rodney Forcade); 1987: fast multipole algorithm (Leslie
                 Greengard and Vladimir Rokhlin)",
  subject-dates = "Alston Scott Householder (5 May 1904--4 July 1993);
                 Charles Antony Richard Hoare (11 January 1934--5 March
                 2026); Cornelius Lanczos (2 February 1893--25 June
                 1974); Eduard Stiefel (21 April 1909--25 November
                 1978); George Bernard Dantzig (8 November 1914--13 May
                 2005); James William Cooley (1926--June 29, 2016); John
                 Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); John
                 Wilder Tukey (16 June 1915--26 July 2000); Magnus
                 Rudolph Hestenes (13 February 1906--31 May 1991);
                 Neumann J{\'a}nos (28 December 1903--8 February 1957);
                 Nicholas Constantine Metropolis (11 June 1915--17
                 October 1999); Stanis{\l}aw Marcin Ulam (13 April
                 1909--13 May 1984)",
}

@Book{ISO:2000:IIIe,
  author =       "{ISO}",
  title =        "{ISO\slash IEC 1539-2:2000}: Information technology
                 --- Programming languages --- {Fortran} --- Part 2:
                 Varying length character strings",
  publisher =    pub-ISO,
  address =      pub-ISO:adr,
  pages =        "????",
  year =         "2000",
  ISBN =         "????",
  ISBN-13 =      "????",
  LCCN =         "????",
  bibdate =      "Tue Dec 12 06:10:00 2000",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib",
  price =        "US\$58.00",
  URL =          "http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ISO%2FIEC+1539%2D2%3A2000",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Book{Knuth:2003:SPC,
  author =       "Donald E. Knuth",
  title =        "Selected Papers on Computer Languages",
  volume =       "139",
  publisher =    pub-CSLI,
  address =      pub-CSLI:adr,
  pages =        "xviii + 594",
  year =         "2003",
  ISBN =         "1-57586-381-2 (hardcover), 1-57586-382-0 (paperback)",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-1-57586-381-8 (hardcover), 978-1-57586-382-5
                 (paperback)",
  LCCN =         "QA76.7 .K63 2002",
  MRclass =      "68N15 (01A75 68-03 68-06)",
  MRnumber =     "MR2019164 (2005b:68045)",
  MRreviewer =   "Julian Padget",
  bibdate =      "Thu Sep 30 07:16:32 2004",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/litprog.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/master.bib",
  series =       "CSLI Lecture Notes",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  classmath =    "68-03 (Historical (computer science)); 00B60
                 (Collections of reprinted articles); 01A75 (Collected
                 or selected works); 68-02 (Research monographs
                 (computer science))",
  keywords =     "Algol; attribute grammars; automata; BNF; compiler;
                 Fortran; programming history; programming language;
                 semantics; syntax",
  remark =       "This book is the fifth volume of the papers written by
                 Donald E. Knuth, the pioneer of computer science. The
                 previous volumes were: 1. Literate Programming (1992);
                 2. Selected Papers on Computer Science (1996; Zbl
                 0866.68002); 3. Digital Typography (1999; Zbl
                 0927.68109); 4. Selected Papers on Analysis of
                 Algorithms (2000; Zbl 0966.68082). This fifth volume
                 contains 25 papers on programming languages, their
                 syntax, semantics and translation. The book begins with
                 a survey `The Early Development of Programming
                 Languages' originally published in 1977. It is followed
                 by the well known paper `Backus Normal Form versus
                 Backus Naur Form' (1964). Five papers are concerned
                 with Algol-60, two with SOL. The remaining papers deal
                 with the theory of programming languages, context-free
                 languages, formal semantics, attribute grammars,
                 compilers, algebraic translation, coroutine generation,
                 etc. The reader will be able to see the early history
                 and development of fundamental concepts that have now
                 become thoroughly integrated into modern software
                 systems.",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007);
                 Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  tableofcontents = "1: The Early Development of Programming Languages
                 \\
                 2: Backus Normal Form versus Backus Naur Form \\
                 3: Teaching ALGOL 60 \\
                 4: ALGOL 60 Confidential \\
                 5: Smalgol-61 \\
                 6: Man or Boy? \\
                 7: A Proposal for Input-Output Conventions in ALGOL 60
                 \\
                 8: The Remaining Trouble Spots in ALGOL 60 \\
                 9: SOL \\
                 A Symbolic Language for Systems Simulation \\
                 10: A Formal Definition of SOL \\
                 11: The Science of Programming Languages \\
                 12: Programming Languages for Automata \\
                 13: A Characterization of Parenthesis Languages \\
                 14: Top-Down Syntax Analysis \\
                 15: On the Translation of Languages from Left to Right
                 \\
                 16: Context-Free Multilanguages \\
                 17: Semantics of Context-Free Languages \\
                 18: Examples of Formal Semantics",
  xxpages =      "xvi + 594",
  zz-isbn =      "1-57586-381-2 (hardback), 1-57586-382-0 (paperback)",
}

@Book{ISO:2004:DIS,
  author =       "{ISO}",
  title =        "{Draft International Standard ISO\slash IEC
                 1539-1:2004(E): Information technology --- Programming
                 languages --- Fortran Part 1: Base Language}",
  publisher =    pub-ISO,
  address =      pub-ISO:adr,
  pages =        "xiv + 569",
  month =        may,
  year =         "2004",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 07 07:44:15 2006",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib",
  URL =          "ftp://ftp.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/N1601-N1650/N1601.pdf.gz",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  xxISBN =       "????",
  xxLCCN =       "",
}

@Book{ISO:2004:IIIa,
  author =       "{ISO}",
  title =        "{ISO\slash IEC 1539-1:2004 Information technology ---
                 Programming languages --- Fortran -- Part 1: Base
                 language}",
  publisher =    pub-ISO,
  address =      pub-ISO:adr,
  pages =        "xiv + 569",
  year =         "2004",
  bibdate =      "Sat Dec 11 10:28:50 2010",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/open/n3661.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  xxISBN =       "????",
  xxLCCN =       "",
}

@Misc{Booch:2006:OHJ,
  author =       "Grady Booch",
  title =        "Oral History of {John Backus}",
  howpublished = "Web document.",
  day =          "5",
  month =        sep,
  year =         "2006",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 07:43:12 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  URL =          "http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Backus_John/Backus_John_1.oral_history.2006.102657970.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  remark-1 =     "From page 4: ``Backus: \ldots{} It [the Selective
                 Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC)] filled a room
                 that was about, let's see, 50 feet wide by 100 feet
                 deep. \ldots{} It was a fun machine. It would make an
                 error about every three minutes and you had to stop and
                 figure out how to restart the thing.''",
  remark-2 =     "From page 9: ``\ldots{} the [IBM] 704 being the first
                 machine with core memory \ldots{}''",
  remark-3 =     "From page 10: ``Backus: \ldots{} I sort of credit
                 myself with getting index registers and stuff and
                 floating point built into the [IBM] 704, because the
                 designers were just totally preoccupied in getting a
                 drum unit designed.''",
  remark-4 =     "From page 11: ``Backus: \ldots{} I was on the design
                 team for the [IBM] 704.''",
  remark-5 =     "From page 13: ``Backus: \ldots{} the core of that [the
                 FORTRAN compiler design team] was more like eight.''",
  remark-6 =     "From page 23: ``Backus: \ldots{} The original compiler
                 was, if I remember, about 30,000 instructions.''",
  remark-7 =     "From page 26: ``'Backus: \ldots{} I got an invitation
                 from Berkeley to be a visiting professor there. I went
                 out and I spent a year at Berkeley. \ldots{} Never gave
                 a lecture, just sat around in the engineering building.
                 At the end of the year they were so pleased with my
                 performance they invited me to be a visiting professor
                 for another year. Again, never gave a lecture, and so
                 that's how I kind of got moved out to the West
                 Coast.'",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@InProceedings{Essalmi:2006:GUV,
  author =       "F. Essalmi and L. J. B. Ayed",
  editor =       "Kinshuk and Rob Koper and Piet Kommers and Paul
                 Kirschner and Demetrios G. Sampson and Wim Didderen",
  booktitle =    "Sixth {IEEE} International Conference on Advanced
                 Learning Technologies ({ICALT'06}), {5--7 July 2006,
                 Kerkrade, The Netherlands}",
  title =        "Graphical {UML} View from Extended {Backus--Naur Form}
                 Grammars",
  publisher =    pub-IEEE,
  address =      pub-IEEE:adr,
  pages =        "544--546",
  year =         "2006",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1109/ICALT.2006.1652498",
  ISBN =         "0-7695-2632-2",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-7695-2632-4",
  LCCN =         "LB1028.43.I315 2006",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 8 10:09:19 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Cognitive science; Computer languages; Context;
                 Production; Space technology; Unified modeling
                 language; Visualization",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007);
                 Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
}

@Article{Aiken:2007:MJW,
  author =       "Alex Aiken",
  title =        "In Memoriam: {John W. Backus}, 1924--2007",
  journal =      j-LOGIN,
  volume =       "32",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "68--69",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "2007",
  CODEN =        "LOGNEM",
  ISSN =         "1044-6397",
  ISSN-L =       "1044-6397",
  bibdate =      "Fri Dec 7 11:34:29 MST 2012",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/usenix2000.bib;
                 https://www.usenix.org/publications/login",
  URL =          "https://www.usenix.org/publications/login/june-2007-volume-32-number-3/memoriam-john-w-backus-1924%E2%80%932007",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     ";login: the USENIX Association newsletter",
  keywords =     "BNF (Backus--Naur Form, or Backus Normal Form);
                 FORTRAN language",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007);
                 Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
}

@Article{Campbell-Kelly:2007:JB,
  author =       "Martin Campbell-Kelly",
  title =        "{John Backus} (1924--2007)",
  journal =      j-NATURE,
  volume =       "446",
  number =       "7139",
  pages =        "998--998",
  day =          "26",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "2007",
  CODEN =        "NATUAS",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1038/446998a",
  ISSN =         "0028-0836 (print), 1476-4687 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0028-0836",
  bibdate =      "Thu Jun 11 10:20:22 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "Nature",
  journal-URL =  "http://www.nature.com/nature/archive/",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  xissn =        "1476-4687",
}

@Misc{Lohr:2007:JWB,
  author =       "Steve Lohr",
  title =        "{John W. Backus}, 82, {Fortran} Developer, Dies",
  howpublished = "New York Times obituary.",
  day =          "19",
  month =        mar,
  year =         "2007",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 20 18:50:35 2007",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/19/obituaries/20cnd-backus.html?ex=3D1332043200&en=3Dadde3ee5a1875330&ei=3D5124&partner=3Dpermalink&exprod=3Dpermalink",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Bjorner:2008:JWB,
  author =       "Dines Bj{\o}rner",
  title =        "{John Warner Backus: 3 Dec 1924--17 March 2007}",
  journal =      j-FORM-ASP-COMPUT,
  volume =       "20",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "239--240",
  month =        may,
  year =         "2008",
  CODEN =        "FACME5",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00165-008-0077-4",
  ISSN =         "0934-5043 (print), 1433-299X (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0934-5043",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 17 20:58:27 MDT 2015",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/formaspcomput.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib",
  URL =          "http://link.springer.com/accesspage/article/10.1007/s00165-008-0077-4;
                 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00165-008-0077-4",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "Formal Aspects of Computing",
  journal-URL =  "http://link.springer.com/journal/165",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Misc{Anonymous:2010:JBF,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "{John Backus}: 1997 {Fellow Award} Recipient",
  howpublished = "Web document",
  year =         "2010",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 07:55:24 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  note =         "For his development of FORTRAN, contributions to
                 computer systems theory and software project
                 management.",
  URL =          "https://web.archive.org/web/20100709005030/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/John,Backus/",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Book{ISO:2010:IIIb,
  author =       "{ISO}",
  title =        "{ISO\slash IEC 1539-1:2010 Information technology ---
                 Programming languages --- Fortran --- Part 1: Base
                 language}",
  publisher =    pub-ISO,
  address =      pub-ISO:adr,
  pages =        "xviii + 603",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "2010",
  bibdate =      "Sat Dec 11 10:30:13 2010",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib",
  URL =          "ftp://ftp.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/N1801-N1850/N1830.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  xxISBN =       "????",
  xxLCCN =       "",
}

@Misc{Chen:2016:GAT,
  author =       "Jiahao Chen",
  title =        "``{This} guy's arrogance takes your breath away'':
                 Letters between {John W Backus} and {Edsger W
                 Dijkstra}, 1979",
  howpublished = "Web site.",
  day =          "29",
  month =        may,
  year =         "2016",
  bibdate =      "Fri Dec 08 18:42:39 2017",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib",
  note =         "See Dijkstra's response \cite{Dijkstra:1978:RTA} to
                 Backus' Turing Award Lecture.",
  URL =          "https://medium.com/@acidflask/this-guys-arrogance-takes-your-breath-away-5b903624ca5f",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  remark =       "This interesting exchange of letters shows how heated
                 relations can sometimes become between scientists, even
                 those who know each other well, as Dijkstra and Backus
                 did.",
  subject-dates = "Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (11 May 1930--6 August 2002);
                 John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Misc{McJones:2017:RJB,
  author =       "Paul McJones",
  title =        "Remembering {John Backus}",
  howpublished = "Web site.",
  day =          "1",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "2017",
  bibdate =      "Sat Mar 17 09:50:16 2018",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib",
  URL =          "https://www.mcjones.org/dustydecks/archives/2007/04/01/60/",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Misc{Anonymous:2022:JB,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "{John Backus}",
  howpublished = "Web site",
  year =         "2022",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 08:39:05 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  note =         "Contains links to a video of an address by John Backus
                 to the Los Alamos International History of Computing
                 Conference, June 1976.",
  URL =          "http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/backus.html",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Nechesov:2022:SQPa,
  author =       "Andre{\u{\i}} Vital'evich Nech{\"e}sov",
  title =        "Some questions on polynomially computable
                 representations for generating grammars and
                 {Backus--Naur} forms",
  journal =      "Matematicheskie Trudy",
  volume =       "25",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "134--151",
  year =         "2022",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.33048/mattrudy.2022.25.106",
  ISSN =         "1560-750X",
  MRclass =      "68Q42 68N30",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 8 08:20:12 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib",
  ZMnumber =     "1527.68118",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Mat. Tr.",
  fjournal =     "Matematicheskie Trudy",
  language =     "Russian",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007);
                 Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  ZBmath =       "7763256",
}

@Article{Nechesov:2022:SQPb,
  author =       "A. V. Nechesov",
  title =        "Some questions on polynomially computable
                 representations for generating grammars and
                 {Backus--Naur} forms",
  journal =      "Siberian Advances in Mathematics",
  volume =       "32",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "299--309",
  year =         "2022",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1134/s1055134422040058",
  ISSN =         "1055-1344 (print), 1934-8126 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "1055-1344",
  MRclass =      "68Q42",
  MRnumber =     "4590407",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 8 08:12:23 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib",
  note =         "Translation of \booktitle{Matematicheskie Trudy} {\bf
                 25} (2022), no. 1, 134--151.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Siberian Adv. Math.",
  fjournal =     "Siberian Advances in Mathematics",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007);
                 Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
}

@InProceedings{Popov:2024:ABN,
  author =       "George Popov and Antoaneta Popova",
  editor =       "????",
  booktitle =    "2024 12th International Scientific Conference on
                 Computer Science ({COMSCI})",
  title =        "Application of {Backus--Naur Forms} for Investigation
                 [of] Financial Customs Violations",
  publisher =    pub-IEEE,
  address =      pub-IEEE:adr,
  pages =        "1--4",
  year =         "2024",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1109/COMSCI63166.2024.10778518",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 8 10:09:19 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Accuracy; Adaptation models; AI; Artificial
                 intelligence; Automation; Backus-Naur Form; Couplings;
                 Documentation; Expert systems; Financial Customs
                 Violations (FCV); Fraud; Grammar; Legal Analysis;
                 Syntactics",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007);
                 Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
}

@Misc{Anonymous:20xx:JBF,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "{John Backus}: Formula Translator",
  howpublished = "Web document.",
  year =         "20xx",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 07:52:26 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  URL =          "https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/john-backus",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Misc{IBM:20xx:JB,
  author =       "{IBM}",
  title =        "{John Backus}",
  howpublished = "Web site.",
  year =         "20xx",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 08:42:42 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  note =         "Includes an interview.",
  URL =          "http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_backus.html",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

%%% ====================================================================
%%% Part 3 (of 3): publication by others about the FL and FP languages
%%%
%%% Bibliography entries, sorted by year and then by citation label,
%%% with ``bibsort -byyear'':

@Book{Chiarini:1980:BFS,
  author =       "A. Chiarini",
  title =        "{BACKUS-FP}: un sistema per la programmazione
                 funzionale. {Versione} 1.0. ({Italian}) [{BACKUS-FP}: a
                 system for functional programming. {Version} 1.0]",
  volume =       "80",
  publisher =    "Comitato Nazionale Energia Nucleare",
  address =      "Rome, Italy",
  year =         "1980",
  MRclass =      "68N01 68N99",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 11:11:18 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  ZMnumber =     "0442.68003",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  aseries =      "Com. Naz. Energ. Nucl.",
  fseries =      "Comitato Nazionale Energia Nucleare",
  language =     "Italian",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  ZBmath =       "3690657",
}

@TechReport{Williams:1980:DAF,
  author =       "John H. Williams",
  title =        "On the development of the algebra of functional
                 programs",
  type =         "Report",
  number =       "RJ2983",
  institution =  "IBM Research Laboratory",
  address =      "San Jose, CA, USA",
  year =         "1980",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 16:40:53 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Bauer:1981:PWS,
  author =       "F. L. Bauer and M. Broy and W. Dosch and R. Gnatz and
                 B. Krieg-Br{\"u}ckner and A. Laut and M. Luckmann and
                 T. Matzner and B. M{\"o}ller and H. Partsch and P.
                 Pepper and K. Samelson and R. Steinbr{\"u}ggen and M.
                 Wirsing and H. W{\"o}ssner",
  title =        "Programming in a Wide Spectrum Language: a Collection
                 of Examples",
  journal =      j-SCI-COMPUT-PROGRAM,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "1--2",
  pages =        "73--114",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "SCPGD4",
  ISSN =         "0167-6423 (print), 1872-7964 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0167-6423",
  MRclass =      "68N01 68Q60 68P05",
  bibdate =      "Sun Aug 23 11:50:06 2020",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Ai/planning.scheduling.bib;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Compiler/action.semantics.bib;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Misc/Functional.bib;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Misc/HBP/SCP.bib;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Misc/Hypatia/B/BroyM.bib;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/SE/obscure.bib;
                 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01676423;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/scicomputprogram.bib",
  ZMID =         "03736981",
  ZMnumber =     "0469.68003",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26
                 March 2015); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May
                 1980)",
  fjournal =     "Science of Computer Programming",
  journal-URL =  "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01676423/",
  keywords =     "abstract data types; Backus' functional programming
                 language; interpreter; non-operative specifications;
                 predicate logic; procedural programs; program
                 representations; recursive functions; text editor;
                 transformation rules",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Unpublished{Williams:1981:NFS,
  author =       "John H. Williams",
  title =        "Notes on the {FP} style of functional programming",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1981",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 16:42:19 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  note =         "Lecture notes for the course \booktitle{Functional
                 Programming and its Applications}, University of
                 Newcastle upon Tyne.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Williams:1982:DAF,
  author =       "John H. Williams",
  title =        "On the Development of the Algebra of Functional
                 Programs",
  journal =      j-TOPLAS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "733--757",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "ATPSDT",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/69622.357193",
  ISSN =         "0164-0925 (print), 1558-4593 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0164-0925",
  bibsource =    "Compiler/bevan.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toplas.bib",
  abstract =     "The development of the algebraic approach to reasoning
                 about functional programs that was introduced by Backus
                 in his Turing Award Lecture is furthered. Precise
                 definitions for the foundations on which the algebra is
                 based are given, and some new expansion theorems that
                 broaden the class of functions for which this approach
                 is applicable are proved. In particular, the class of
                 ``overrun-tolerant'' forms, nonlinear forms that
                 include some of the familiar divide-and-conquer program
                 schemes, are defined; an expansion theorem for such
                 forms is proved; and that theorem is used to show how
                 to derive expansions for some programs defined by
                 nonlinear forms.",
  acknowledgement = ack-pb,
  ajournal =     "ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst.",
  checked =      "19940302",
  fjournal =     "ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and
                 Systems",
  journal-URL =  "http://portal.acm.org/browse_dl.cfm?idx=J783",
  keywords =     "algebraic approaches to semantics; applicative
                 (functional) programming; correctness proofs;
                 functional constructs; semantics; transformations",
  sjb =          "Looks dated now",
  source =       "Dept. Library",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@InProceedings{Williams:1982:NFS,
  author =       "John H. Williams",
  editor =       "J. Darlington and P. Henderson and D. A. Turner",
  booktitle =    "Functional Programming and its Applications",
  title =        "Notes on the {FP} Style of Functional Programming",
  publisher =    pub-CAMBRIDGE,
  address =      pub-CAMBRIDGE:adr,
  pages =        "??--??",
  year =         "1982",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 16:46:48 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@InProceedings{Dosch:1983:ASB,
  author =       "Walter Dosch and Bernhard M{\"o}ller",
  booktitle =    "{GI - 13. Jahrestagung, Hamburg, 3--7 Oktober 1983
                 Proceedings}",
  title =        "An algebraic semantics for {Backus}' functional
                 programming language with infinite objects",
  volume =       "73",
  publisher =    pub-SV,
  address =      pub-SV:adr,
  pages =        "67--85",
  year =         "1983",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69298-7_7",
  MRclass =      "68N01 68Q60 68P05",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 11:11:18 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  ZMnumber =     "0517.68022",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  ZBmath =       "3819065",
}

@Article{Broy:1985:SAS,
  author =       "Manfred Broy",
  title =        "Structured algebraic specification of {Backus}'
                 functional programming language",
  journal =      "RAIRO. Technique et Science Informatiques",
  volume =       "4",
  pages =        "447--458",
  year =         "1985",
  ISSN =         "0752-4072 (print), 2116-5920 (electronic)",
  MRclass =      "68N01 68P05",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 11:11:18 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  ZMnumber =     "0567.68009",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "RAIRO, Tech. Sci. Inf.",
  fjournal =     "RAIRO. Technique et Science Informatiques",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  ZBmath =       "3905828",
}

@InProceedings{Halpern:1985:DSR,
  author =       "Joseph Y. Halpern and John H. Williams and Edward L.
                 Wimmers and Timothy C. Winkler",
  editor =       "Mary S. {Van Deusen} and Zvi Galil and Brian K. Reid",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the {12th ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium
                 on Principles of programming languages --- POPL '85,
                 New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, January 14--16, 1985}",
  title =        "Denotational semantics and rewrite rules for {FP}",
  publisher =    pub-ACM,
  address =      pub-ACM:adr,
  bookpages =    "ii + 340",
  pages =        "108--120",
  year =         "1985",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/318593.318623",
  ISBN =         "0-89791-147-4",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-89791-147-4",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 15 07:43:02 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  series =       "POPL '85",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  collection =   "POPL '85",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@InProceedings{Halpern:1986:GRS,
  author =       "Joseph Y. Halpern and John H. Williams and Edward L.
                 Wimmers",
  editor =       "????",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the {First Annual IEEE Symposium on
                 Logic in Computer Science (LICS 1986), Cambridge, MA,
                 USA, 16--18 June 1986}",
  title =        "Good rewrite strategies for {FP}",
  publisher =    pub-IEEE,
  address =      pub-IEEE:adr,
  pages =        "149--162",
  year =         "1986",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 15 07:51:23 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  URL =          "https://lics.siglog.org/archive/1986/;
                 https://lics.siglog.org/archive/1986/HalpernWilliamsWimm-GoodRewriteStrategi.html",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@InProceedings{Nori:1986:GBF,
  author =       "Kesav V. Nori",
  title =        "A generalization of {Backus}' {FP}",
  crossref =     "Srinivas:1986:GBF",
  pages =        "124--143",
  year =         "1986",
  MRclass =      "68N01 68Q60",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 11:11:18 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  ZMnumber =     "0604.68010",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  ZBmath =       "3976296",
}

@Article{Pagan:1986:FTB,
  author =       "Frank G. Pagan",
  title =        "On the feasibility of teaching {Backus}-type
                 functional programming ({FP}) as a first language",
  journal =      j-SIGCSE,
  volume =       "18",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "31--35",
  day =          "1",
  month =        sep,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "SIGSD3",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/378905.378929",
  ISSN =         "0097-8418 (print), 2331-3927 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0097-8418",
  bibdate =      "Sun Nov 18 07:38:26 MST 2012",
  bibsource =    "http://portal.acm.org/;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/sigcse1980.bib",
  abstract =     "In an attempt to demonstrate that Backus-type
                 functional programming (FP) might be made as palatable
                 and understandable as conventional programming to the
                 computing novice, the author has written an
                 introductory textbook-style description of a small FP
                 system. This paper describes and summarizes that
                 description. It is concluded that teachability concerns
                 should not present an obstacle for FP's possible future
                 success.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "SIGCSE Bulletin (ACM Special Interest Group on
                 Computer Science Education)",
  journal-URL =  "http://portal.acm.org/browse_dl.cfm?idx=J688",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@InProceedings{Halpern:1987:FAE,
  author =       "Joseph Y. Halpern and Edward L. Wimmers",
  editor =       "????",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the {Second Annual Symposium on Logic
                 in Computer Science (LICS 1987), Ithaca, NY, 22--25
                 June 1987}",
  title =        "Full Abstraction and Expressive Completeness for
                 {FP}",
  publisher =    pub-IEEE,
  address =      pub-IEEE:adr,
  bookpages =    "xi + 361",
  pages =        "246--271",
  year =         "1987",
  ISBN =         "0-8186-0793-9, 0-8186-4793-0, 0-8186-8793-2",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-8186-0793-6, 978-0-8186-4793-2,
                 978-0-8186-8793-8",
  LCCN =         "????",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 15 07:53:29 2026",
  URL =          "https://lics.siglog.org/archive/1987/;
                 https://lics.siglog.org/archive/1987/HalpernWimmers-FullAbstractionandE.html",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  remark =       "Selected papers were later republished in a shorter
                 volume by North Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
                 \booktitle{Annals of Pure and Applied Logic}, ISSN
                 0168-0072, volume 51, number 1--2, 14 March 1991, but
                 this 1987 paper is not included there.",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Radensky:1987:LEN,
  author =       "A. Radensky",
  title =        "Lazy evaluation and nondeterminism make {Backus}'
                 {FP}-systems more practical",
  journal =      j-SIGPLAN,
  volume =       "22",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "33--40",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "SINODQ",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/24714.24718",
  ISSN =         "0362-1340 (print), 1523-2867 (print), 1558-1160
                 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0362-1340",
  bibdate =      "Sun Dec 14 09:15:10 MST 2003",
  bibsource =    "http://portal.acm.org/;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/sigplan1980.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  fjournal =     "ACM SIGPLAN Notices",
  journal-URL =  "https://dl.acm.org/loi/sigplan",
  keywords =     "languages; theory",
  subject =      "D.3.2 Software, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, Language
                 Classifications, FP \\ F.1.2 Theory of Computation,
                 COMPUTATION BY ABSTRACT DEVICES, Modes of Computation,
                 Alternation and nondeterminism",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Robison:1987:IFPa,
  author =       "Arch D. Robison",
  title =        "{Illinois} Functional Programming: a Tutorial",
  journal =      j-BYTE,
  volume =       "12",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "115--125",
  month =        feb,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "BYTEDJ",
  ISSN =         "0360-5280 (print), 1082-7838 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0360-5280",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 15 08:08:00 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  URL =          "https://archive.org/details/BYTE-MAGAZINE-COMPLETE/198702_Byte_Magazine_Vol_12-02_Image_Processing/page/n139",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  fjournal =     "BYTE Magazine",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@InProceedings{Robison:1987:IFPb,
  author =       "A. D. Robison",
  editor =       "Richard L. Wexelblat",
  booktitle =    "Papers of the Symposium on Interpreters and
                 interpretive techniques --- {SIGPLAN '87, St. Paul,
                 Minnesota, USA, June 24--26, 1987}",
  title =        "The {Illinois} functional programming interpreter",
  publisher =    pub-ACM,
  address =      pub-ACM:adr,
  bookpages =    "viii + 291",
  pages =        "64--73",
  year =         "1987",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/29650.29657",
  ISBN =         "0-89791-235-7",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-89791-235-8",
  ISSN =         "0362-1340 (print), 1523-2867 (print), 1558-1160
                 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0362-1340",
  LCCN =         "QA76.7 A84 v. 22, no. 7",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 15 08:09:40 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  series =       "SIGPLAN 87",
  abstract =     "The Illinois Functional Programming (IFP) language is
                 a modified version of Backus' FP(1). IFP has the same
                 side-effect free combinator style of Backus FP, while
                 introducing an ALGOL-like syntax and structure. While
                 IFP superficially appears to be an inefficient language
                 to execute, its simplicity makes it quick to interpret.
                 Functions are always monadic and there are no variable
                 or parameter names. Furthermore, combinator-style
                 languages allow common housekeeping operations to be
                 condensed into efficient machine-language primitives.
                 By reference-counting, the interpreter can often
                 convert call-by-value to destructive call-by-reference
                 while preserving referential transparency. The
                 interpreter has an expression cache which can improve
                 the asymptotic time of some combinatorial functions.
                 IFP function definitions are stored as UNIX files, so
                 much of UNIX's functionality is immediately borrowed
                 into the IFP environment, e.g. {\t{l}s}, {\tt more},
                 and {\tt grep}. Benchmarks indicate that IFP is an
                 order of magnitude faster than Berkeley FP[2], and is
                 competitive with interpreted von-Neumann languages such
                 as BASIC. The interpreter can parallel process on
                 shared-memory multiprocessors, e.g. the Encore
                 Multimax. IFP currently runs on machines as varied as
                 the IBM PC, VAX, and CRAY-XMP.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  collection =   "SIGPLAN 87",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@InProceedings{Halpern:1988:SSC,
  author =       "Joseph Y. Halpern and Edward L. Wimmers",
  editor =       "J. Ferrante and P. Mager",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the {15th ACM SIGPLAN--SIGACT Symposium
                 on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL '88), San
                 Diego, California, USA, January 10--13, 1988}",
  title =        "Sacrificing simplicity for convenience: Where do you
                 draw the line?",
  publisher =    pub-ACM,
  address =      pub-ACM:adr,
  bookpages =    "iv + 329",
  pages =        "169--179",
  year =         "1988",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/73560.73575",
  ISBN =         "0-89791-252-7",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-89791-252-5",
  LCCN =         "QA76.7 .A15 1988",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 15 07:56:55 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  URL =          "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/73560.73575",
  abstract =     "The designers of (functional) programming languages
                 are faced with two occasionally conflicting goals:
                 programmer convenience and semantic simplicity. For
                 example, it is convenient to treat I/O operations as
                 primitive functions with side effects, but doing so
                 destroys referential transparency.\par

                 FL is a functional language that is designed to trade
                 some of the semantic simplicity of a pure language for
                 some of the convenience of a procedural language, by
                 treating I/O operations as primitives with side
                 effects, but by using a structuring technique that
                 localizes the scope of those effects. In this way,
                 surprisingly little of the semantic simplicity is lost,
                 as can be seen by comparing the underlying algebraic
                 laws of FL with those of its pure counterpart,
                 FP.\par

                 This paper describes that comparison and shows that, in
                 fact, for programs involving I/O, the structures of the
                 algebraic laws of the two languages are identical! It
                 concludes by showing that this technique cannot be
                 extended to allow assignment statements without
                 incurring a massive loss in the expressiveness and
                 simplicity of the underlying algebra.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  remark =       "Informally, FP84 [Halpern et al. 1986, 1987] is the
                 result of altering the language FP of [Backus 78] to
                 include infinite sequences, programmer-defined
                 combining forms, and lazy evaluation.",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@TechReport{Aiken:1989:FPD,
  author =       "Alexander Aiken and John H. Williams and Edward L.
                 Wimmers",
  title =        "The {FL Project}: The Design of a Functional
                 Language",
  institution =  "Computer Science Division, University of California,
                 Berkeley and IBM Almaden Research Center",
  address =      "Berkeley, CA, USA and San Jose, CA, USA",
  pages =        "??",
  year =         "1989",
  bibdate =      "Fri Jun 12 10:55:45 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  note =         "See revision \cite{Aiken:1994:FPD}.",
  URL =          "https://theory.stanford.edu/~aiken/publications/trs/FLProject.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  remark =       "Cited by \cite{Hoekstra:2022:CLC}.",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Hudak:1989:CEA,
  author =       "Paul Hudak",
  title =        "Conception, Evolution, and Application of Functional
                 Programming Languages",
  journal =      j-COMP-SURV,
  volume =       "21",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "359--411",
  month =        sep,
  year =         "1989",
  CODEN =        "CMSVAN",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/72551.72554",
  ISSN =         "0360-0300 (print), 1557-7341 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0360-0300",
  bibdate =      "Thu Jun 19 09:38:19 MDT 2008",
  bibsource =    "ACM Computing Archive; Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Parallel/par.misc.bib;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/contents/journals/surveys/;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compsurv.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org/pubs/toc/Abstracts/0360-0300/72554.html",
  abstract =     "The foundations of functional programming languages
                 are examined from both historical and technical
                 perspectives. Their evolution is traced through several
                 critical periods: early work on lambda calculus and
                 combinatory calculus, Lisp, Iswim, FP, ML, and modern
                 functional languages such as Miranda and Haskell. The
                 fundamental premises on which the functional
                 programming methodology stands are critically analyzed
                 with respect to philosophical, theoretical, and
                 pragmatic concerns. Particular attention is paid to the
                 main features that characterize modern functional
                 languages: higher-order functions, lazy evaluation,
                 equations and pattern matching, strong static typing
                 and type inference, and data abstraction. In addition,
                 current research areas --- such as parallelism,
                 nondeterminism, input\slash output, and state-oriented
                 computations --- are examined with the goal of
                 predicting the future development and application of
                 functional languages.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Yale Univ",
  affiliationaddress = "New Haven, CT, USA",
  annote =       "This is the second paper in the special issue which
                 has a section on non-determinism [along with Bal, et
                 al] which begins with a statement which would sound
                 bizarre to non-programmers or those not familiar with
                 the issues of determinacy.",
  classification = "723",
  fjournal =     "ACM Computing Surveys",
  journal-URL =  "http://portal.acm.org/browse_dl.cfm?idx=J204",
  keywords =     "ag; APL; Categories and Subject Descriptors: D.1.1
                 [Programming Techniques]: Applicative (Functional)
                 Programming; Computer Programming Languages; D.3.2
                 [Programming Languages]: Language classifications -
                 applicative languages; Data Abstraction; data-flow
                 languages; denotative [declarative] language; F.4.1
                 [Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages]: Mathematical
                 Logic - lambda calculus and related systems; FL; FP;
                 Functional Programming Languages; grecommended91;
                 Haskell; higher-order functions; Hope; Iswim; K.2
                 [History of Computing]: software General Terms:
                 Languages; KRC; Lambda Calculus; Lambda Calculus,
                 Additional Key Words and Phrases: Data abstraction;
                 languages; lazy evaluation; Lisp; Miranda; ML;
                 non-procedural languages; referential transparency;
                 SASL; special issue on programming language paradigms;
                 types; very-high-level languages",
  review =       "ACM CR 9006-0486",
  subject =      "{\bf D.1.1}: Software, PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES,
                 Applicative (Functional) Programming. {\bf F.4.1}:
                 Theory of Computation, MATHEMATICAL LOGIC AND FORMAL
                 LANGUAGES, Mathematical Logic, Lambda calculus and
                 related systems. {\bf F.1.2}: Theory of Computation,
                 COMPUTATION BY ABSTRACT DEVICES, Modes of Computation,
                 Parallelism and concurrency. {\bf D.3.2}: Software,
                 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, Language Classifications,
                 Applicative languages.",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{McDonald:1989:DSC,
  author =       "C. S. McDonald and L. Allison",
  title =        "Denotational Semantics of a Command Interpreter and
                 their Implementation in {Standard ML}",
  journal =      j-COMP-J,
  volume =       "32",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "422--431",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1989",
  CODEN =        "CMPJA6",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/32.5.422",
  ISSN =         "0010-4620 (print), 1460-2067 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0010-4620",
  bibdate =      "Tue Dec 4 14:48:27 MST 2012",
  bibsource =    "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/5.toc;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj1980.bib;
                 Misc/Functional.bib",
  URL =          "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/5/422.full.pdf+html;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/422.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/423.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/424.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/425.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/426.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/427.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/428.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/429.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/430.tif;
                 http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/431.tif",
  abstract =     "This paper defines a significant subset of the
                 standard UNIX command interpreter, or Shell, in terms
                 of its denotational semantics. A complete
                 implementation of this shell in Standard ML is
                 described.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Dept. of Comput. Sci., Western Australia Univ.,
                 Nedlands, WA, Australia",
  classcodes =   "C6150J (Operating systems); C6150C (Compilers,
                 interpreters and other processors); C6110B (Software
                 engineering techniques)",
  classification = "C6110B (Software engineering techniques); C6150C
                 (Compilers, interpreters and other processors); C6150J
                 (Operating systems)",
  corpsource =   "Dept. of Comput. Sci., Western Australia Univ.,
                 Nedlands, WA, Australia",
  fjournal =     "The Computer Journal",
  journal-URL =  "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/",
  keywords =     "Backus-Naur Form; Command interpreter; command
                 interpreter; definitions; Denotational semantics;
                 denotational semantics; English; formal specification;
                 program interpreters; Programming languages;
                 programming languages; semantic; Semantic definitions;
                 SML functional UNIX Bourne shell; Standard ML; Standard
                 UNIX command interpreter; standard UNIX command
                 interpreter; Standardization; standardization;
                 Syntaxes; syntaxes; Unix",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007);
                 Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
  thesaurus =    "Formal specification; Program interpreters; Unix",
  treatment =    "P Practical",
}

@Article{Radensky:1989:SRE,
  author =       "Atanas Radensky and Milena Djambazova",
  title =        "Schemes for recursion elimination in {Backus}'
                 {FP}-systems",
  journal =      "Godishnik na Sofi{\u{\i}}skiya Universitet ``Sv.
                 Kliment Okhridski''. Fakultet po Matematika i
                 Informatika",
  volume =       "83",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "39--49",
  year =         "1989",
  ISSN =         "0205-0811",
  MRclass =      "68Q60 68N01 03D20",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 11:11:18 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  ZMnumber =     "0794.68102",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "God. Sofi{\u{\i}}. Univ., Fak. Mat. Inform.",
  fjournal =     "Godishnik na Sofi{\u{\i}}skiya Universitet ``Sv.
                 Kliment Okhridski''. Fakultet po Matematika i
                 Informatika",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  ZBmath =       "598180",
}

@Article{Halpern:1990:CRR,
  author =       "Joseph Y. Halpern and John H. Williams and Edward L.
                 Wimmers",
  title =        "Completeness of Rewrite Rules and Rewrite Strategies
                 for {FP}",
  journal =      j-J-ACM,
  volume =       "37",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "86--143",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1990",
  CODEN =        "JACOAH",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/78935.78939",
  ISSN =         "0004-5411 (print), 1557-735X (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0004-5411",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Theory/JACM.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/jacm.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org/pubs/toc/Abstracts/0004-5411/78939.html",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Assoc. Comput. Mach.",
  fjournal =     "Journal of the ACM",
  journal-URL =  "https://dl.acm.org/loi/jacm",
  keywords =     "completeness of rewriting rules; functional semantics;
                 languages; Programming Languages and Methodology;
                 strategies for rewriting; theory",
  subject =      "{\bf F.4.2}: Theory of Computation, MATHEMATICAL LOGIC
                 AND FORMAL LANGUAGES, Grammars and Other Rewriting
                 Systems. {\bf F.3.2}: Theory of Computation, LOGICS AND
                 MEANINGS OF PROGRAMS, Semantics of Programming
                 Languages, Operational semantics. {\bf F.4.1}: Theory
                 of Computation, MATHEMATICAL LOGIC AND FORMAL
                 LANGUAGES, Mathematical Logic, Lambda calculus and
                 related systems. {\bf F.3.2}: Theory of Computation,
                 LOGICS AND MEANINGS OF PROGRAMS, Semantics of
                 Programming Languages, Denotational semantics. {\bf
                 D.3.2}: Software, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, Language
                 Classifications, FP.",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Book{Meyer:1990:ITP,
  author =       "Bertrand Meyer",
  title =        "Introduction to the Theory of Programming Languages",
  publisher =    pub-PH,
  address =      pub-PH:adr,
  pages =        "xvi + 447",
  year =         "1990",
  ISBN =         "0-13-498502-8, 0-13-498510-9",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-13-498502-2, 978-0-13-498510-7",
  LCCN =         "QA76.7 .M49 1988",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 15 13:55:50 MDT 2026",
  bibsource =    "fsz3950.oclc.org:210/WorldCat;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  series =       "Prentice Hall international series in computer
                 sciences",
  URL =          "https://bertrandmeyer.com/ITPL",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject =      "Programming languages (Electronic computers); Computer
                 programming; Programmering; Software; Datalingvistik;
                 Programmation (Informatique); computer programming.;
                 Computer programming; Programming languages (Electronic
                 computers)",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  tableofcontents = "1: Basic concepts / 1 \\
                 1.1 Why formal descriptions (and why not)? / 1 \\
                 1.2 Syntax and semantics / 5 \\
                 1.3 Programs vs. mathematics / 5 \\
                 1.4 Language and metalanguage / 9 \\
                 1.5 Bibliographical notes / 12 \\
                 2: Mathematical background / 15 \\
                 2.1 Conventions and notations / 15 \\
                 2.2 Propositional and predicate calculus / 18 \\
                 2.3 Sets / 19 \\
                 2.4 Sequences, pairs, Cartesian product / 21 \\
                 2.5 Relations / 22 \\
                 2.6 Functions / 25 \\
                 2.7 Operations on functions / 29 \\
                 2.8 Functionals / 35 \\
                 2.9 Structural induction / 38 \\
                 2.10 Bibliographical notes / 40 \\
                 Exercises / 40 \\
                 3: Syntax / 45 \\
                 3.1 The need for abstract syntax / 45 \\
                 3.2 Abstract grammars / 47 \\
                 3.3 The need for static semantics / 51 \\
                 3.4 Abstract syntactic expressions / 52 \\
                 3.5 Adding concrete syntax / 59 \\
                 3.6 Adding semantics / 60 \\
                 3.7 Applications of abstract syntax / 62 \\
                 3.8 An exercise in language design / 63 \\
                 3.9 Mathematical basis for abstract syntax / 71 \\
                 3.10 A note on order in abstract syntax / 79 \\
                 3.11 Bibliographical notes / 80 \\
                 Exercises / 80 \\
                 4: Semantics: the main approaches / 85 \\
                 4.1 A toy language / 85 \\
                 4.2 Attribute (affix) grammars / 88 \\
                 4.3 Translational semantics / 96 \\
                 4.4 Operational semantics / 100 \\
                 4.5 Denotational semantics / 105 \\
                 4.6 Axiomatic semantics / 110 \\
                 4.7 Bibliographical notes / 118 \\
                 Exercises / 119 \\
                 5: Lambda calculus / 125 \\
                 5.1 Functions as first-class citizens / 125 \\
                 5.2 Definition and examples / 126 \\
                 5.3 Higher-order functions / 128 \\
                 5.4 A formal definition of lambda notation / 129 \\
                 5.5 Free and bound occurrences / 131 \\
                 5.6 Change of dummy identifier / 133 \\
                 5.7 Substitution / 135 \\
                 5.8 Contraction / 138 \\
                 5.9 Divergence and self-application / 140 \\
                 5.10 Typed lambda calculus / 141 \\
                 5.11 Bibliographical notes / 145 \\
                 Exercises / 146 \\
                 6: Denotational semantics: fundamentals / 149 \\
                 6.1 Overview / 150 \\
                 6.2 Static semantics / 151 \\
                 6.3 Dynamic semantics: basics / 159 \\
                 6.4 The meaning of expressions / 161 \\
                 6.5 The meaning of instructions / 167 \\
                 6.6 Complete specification of Graal / 173 \\
                 6.7 Bibliographical notes / 179 \\
                 Exercises / 179 \\
                 7: Denotational semantics: language features / 183 \\
                 7.1 Conventions / 184 \\
                 7.2 Records / 185 \\
                 7.3 Arrays / 197 \\
                 7.4 Pointers / 197 \\
                 7.5 Input and output / 200 \\
                 7.6 Block structure / 204 \\
                 7.7 Routines / 212 \\
                 7.8 A peek at classes and inheritance / 221 \\
                 7.9 Bibliographical notes / 222 \\
                 Exercises / 222 \\
                 8: The mathematics of recursion / 225 \\
                 8.1 The trouble with recursion / 225 \\
                 8.2 `Good' and `bad' recursive definitions / 230 \\
                 8.3 Interpreting recursive definitions / 232 \\
                 8.4 Iterative methods / 234 \\
                 8.5 Solving recursive equations / 239 \\
                 8.6 Stable functions / 249 \\
                 8.7 Dealing with partial functions / 262 \\
                 8.8 A more general theory / 276 \\
                 8.9 Bibliographical notes / 292 \\
                 Exercises / 293 \\
                 9: Axiomatic semantics / 295 \\
                 9.1 Overview / 295 \\
                 9.2 The notion of theory / 296 \\
                 9.3 An example: typed lambda calculus / 305 \\
                 9.4 Axiomatizing programming languages / 309 \\
                 9.5 A closer look at assertions / 312 \\
                 9.6 Fundamentals of pre--post semantics / 315 \\
                 9.7 Pre-post semantics of Graal / 318 \\
                 9.8 The calculus of weakest preconditions / 333 \\
                 9.9 Non-determinism / 341 \\
                 9.10 Routines and recursion / 346 \\
                 9.11 Assertion-guided program construction / 365 \\
                 9.12 Bibliographical notes / 381 \\
                 Exercises / 382 \\
                 10: The consistency of semantic definitions / 393 \\
                 10.1 Comparing the two approaches / 393 \\
                 10.2 Interpreting assertions / 394 \\
                 10.3 Predicate semantics / 400 \\
                 10.4 The consistency requirement / 403 \\
                 10.5 The consistency proofs / 408 \\
                 10.6 Discussion / 420 \\
                 10.7 Bibliographical notes / 420 \\
                 Exercises / 420 \\
                 Bibliography / 423 \\
                 Index / 435",
}


@Article{Revesz:1992:LOE,
  author =       "Gy{\"o}rgy E. Revesz",
  title =        "A list-oriented extension of the lambda-calculus
                 satisfying the {Church--Rosser} theorem",
  journal =      j-THEOR-COMP-SCI,
  volume =       "93",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "75--89",
  day =          "03",
  month =        feb,
  year =         "1992",
  CODEN =        "TCSCDI",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(92)90212-X",
  ISSN =         "0304-3975 (print), 1879-2294 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0304-3975",
  bibdate =      "Sat Nov 22 13:24:22 MST 1997",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/tcs1990.bib",
  URL =          "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030439759290212X",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  classification = "C4210 (Formal logic); C4240 (Programming and
                 algorithm theory)",
  corpsource =   "IBM T. J. Watson Res. Center, Yorktown Heights, NY,
                 USA",
  fjournal =     "Theoretical Computer Science",
  journal-URL =  "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03043975/",
  keywords =     "Backus functional programming system; church-Rosser
                 theorem; formal languages; formal logic; FP; high-level
                 functional languages; list processing; list-oriented
                 extension; programming theory; reduction rules;
                 type-free lambda-calculus",
  pubcountry =   "Netherlands",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  treatment =    "T Theoretical or Mathematical",
}

@Manual{Baden:1993:BFU,
  author =       "Scott Baden",
  title =        "{Berkeley FP} User's Manual, Rev. 4.1",
  organization = "Department of Computer Science, University of
                 California, Berkeley",
  address =      "Berkeley, CA, USA",
  pages =        "39",
  day =          "8",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1993",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 15 08:04:37 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  URL =          "https://maibriz.de/unix/ultrix/_root/fp.pdf",
  abstract =     "This manual describes the Berkeley implementation of
                 Backus' Functional Programming Language, FP. Since this
                 implementation differs from Backus' original
                 description of the language, those familiar with the
                 literature will need to read about the system commands
                 and the local modifications.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@TechReport{Aiken:1994:FPD,
  author =       "Alexander Aiken and John H. Williams and Edward L.
                 Wimmers",
  title =        "The {FL Project}: The Design of a Functional
                 Language",
  type =         "Report",
  institution =  "Computer Science Division, University of California,
                 Berkeley and IBM Almaden Research Center",
  address =      "Berkeley, CA, USA and San Jose, CA, USA",
  pages =        "40",
  day =          "11",
  month =        dec,
  year =         "1994",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 09:57:50 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  URL =          "https://theory.stanford.edu/~aiken/publications/trs/FLProject.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  remark =       "Earlier version may have appeared about 1989",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@Article{Ben-Asher:1995:FPF,
  author =       "Yosi Ben-Asher and Gudula Runger and Assaf Schuster
                 and Reinhard Wilhelm",
  title =        "{2DT-FP}: a Parallel Functional Programming Language
                 on Two-Dimensional Data",
  journal =      j-INT-J-PARALLEL-PROG,
  volume =       "23",
  number =       "5",
  pages =        "389--422",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1995",
  CODEN =        "IJPPE5",
  ISSN =         "0885-7458 (print), 1573-7640 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0885-7458",
  bibdate =      "Sat Apr 26 11:04:14 MDT 1997",
  bibsource =    "http://springerlink.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=issue&issn=0885-7458&volume=23&issue=5;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/intjparallelprogram.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Int. J. Parallel Prog.",
  classification = "C6110P (Parallel programming); C6140D (High level
                 languages); C6150N (Distributed systems software)",
  corpsource =   "Dept. of Math., Haifa Univ., Israel",
  fjournal =     "International Journal of Parallel Programming",
  journal-URL =  "http://link.springer.com/journal/10766",
  keywords =     "2-dimensional combinations of columns; 2DT-FP; Backus
                 FP; functional languages; functional programming;
                 global transformations; Intel Hypercube; interleaving
                 semantics; linear data; local computations;
                 multiprocessing programs; multiprocessor programming;
                 multiprogramming; parallel execution; parallel
                 functional programming language; parallel languages;
                 parallel programming; two-dimensional transformation",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
  treatment =    "P Practical",
}

@Article{Halpern:1995:FAE,
  author =       "Joseph Y. Halpern and Edward L. Wimmers",
  title =        "Full Abstraction and Expressive Completeness for
                 {FP}",
  journal =      j-INF-COMPUT,
  volume =       "118",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "246--271",
  day =          "1",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1995",
  CODEN =        "INFCEC",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1006/inco.1995.1065",
  ISSN =         "0890-5401 (print), 1090-2651 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0890-5401",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 15 07:55:13 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  fjournal =     "Information and Computation",
  journal-URL =  "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/08905401",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@InProceedings{Malita:2011:BLF,
  author =       "Mihaela Mali{\c{t}}a and Gheorghe M. {\c{S}}tefan",
  booktitle =    "{CAS 2011} Proceedings (2011 International
                 Semiconductor Conference)",
  title =        "{Backus} language for functional nano-devices",
  volume =       "2",
  publisher =    pub-IEEE,
  address =      pub-IEEE:adr,
  pages =        "331--334",
  year =         "2011",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1109/SMICND.2011.6095808",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 10:15:59 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "arrays; complexity theory; functional electronics;
                 functional programming; nano-electronics; parallel
                 processing; parallelism; programmable circuits;
                 vectors",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

@InProceedings{Hoekstra:2022:CLC,
  author =       "Conor Hoekstra",
  booktitle =    "{ARRAY 2022: Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGPLAN
                 International Workshop on Libraries, Languages and
                 Compilers for Array Programming, San Diego, CA, USA, 13
                 June 2022}",
  title =        "Combinatory logic and combinators in array languages",
  publisher =    pub-ACM,
  address =      pub-ACM:adr,
  bookpages =    "57",
  pages =        "46--57",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "2022",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/3520306.3534504",
  ISBN =         "1-4503-9269-5",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-1-4503-9269-3",
  LCCN =         "QA76.76.C65 .A773 2022",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 15 13:38:01 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  series =       "ARRAY 22",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  book-DOI =     "https://doi.org/10.1145/3520306",
  book-URL =     "https://dl.acm.org/doi/proceedings/10.1145/3520306",
  collection =   "ARRAY 22",
  subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)",
}

%%% ====================================================================
%%% Cross-referenced entries must come last:

@Proceedings{Anonymous:1960:ICI,
  editor =       "Anonymous",
  booktitle =    "International Conference on Information Processing,
                 {Unesco House, Paris, 15-20 June 1959}",
  title =        "International Conference on Information Processing,
                 {Unesco House, Paris, 15--20 June 1959}",
  publisher =    "UNESCO and R. Oldenbourg and Butterworths",
  address =      "Paris, France and Munich, Germany and London, UK",
  bookpages =    "520",
  year =         "1960",
  bibdate =      "Thu Jun 4 16:22:41 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cordic.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/elefunt.bib",
  URL =          "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2019/02/102785380-05-01-acc.pdf;
                 https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/ALGOL/paper/AP_Symposium-ICIP-1959.pdf",
  ZMnumber =     "0112.08301",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  remark =       "The PDF file at the URL has the front matter of the
                 conference, but, alas, not the papers.",
  ZBmath =       "3181460",
}

@Proceedings{Busa:1962:SLD,
  editor =       "Roberto Busa",
  booktitle =    "Symbolic Languages in Data Processing, Proceedings of
                 the Symposium, {Rome, March 26--31, 1962}",
  title =        "Symbolic Languages in Data Processing, Proceedings of
                 the Symposium, {Rome, March 26--31, 1962}",
  publisher =    "Gordon and Breach Science Publishers",
  address =      "New York, NY, USA",
  bookpages =    "xii + 849",
  pages =        "xii + 849",
  year =         "1962",
  LCCN =         "QA76 .S95 1962",
  bibdate =      "Thu Jun 4 16:51:45 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Book{Dijkstra:1962:PAR,
  author =       "Edsger W. Dijkstra",
  booktitle =    "A primer of {ALGOL 60}: report on the algorithmic
                 language {ALGOL 60}",
  title =        "A primer of {ALGOL 60}: report on the algorithmic
                 language {ALGOL 60}",
  volume =       "2",
  publisher =    pub-ACADEMIC,
  address =      pub-ACADEMIC:adr,
  pages =        "xi + 114",
  year =         "1962",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.19660080123",
  ISBN =         "0-12-216250-1",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-12-216250-3",
  ISSN =         "0067-2483",
  ISSN-L =       "0067-2483",
  LCCN =         "QA76.73.A24",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 17 15:48:54 2015",
  bibsource =    "fsz3950.oclc.org:210/WorldCat;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/perlis-alan-j.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  series =       "APIC studies in data processing",
  URL =          "https://dn710009.ca.archive.org/0/items/a_primer_of_algol_60_programming/algol60_o.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm,
  author-dates = "Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (11 May 1930--6 August 2002)",
  remark =       "Reprinted at least 7 times, up to the 1978 printing.
                 Also contains \booktitle{Report on the Algorithmic
                 Language ALGOL 60}.",
  tableofcontents = "Foreword / v \\
                 Preface / vii \\
                 Author's Preface to the English Edition / ix \\
                 I. Introduction / 1 \\
                 2. Assignment Statements / 3 \\ / 5 \\
                 3. Identifiers and Numbers 4. Expressions / 8 \\
                 5. Sequence of Statements / 12 \\
                 6. Statement Brackets / 13 \\
                 7. Type Declarations / 15 \\
                 8. 'go to' Statements / 20 \\
                 9. Conditional Statements / 22 \\
                 10. for Statements / 26 \\
                 11. Special Functions / 32 \\
                 12. Comments / 36 \\
                 13. Arrays / 37 \\
                 14. Uniqueness of Identifiers / 41 \\
                 15. Procedures / 42 \\
                 16. Local Quantities / 45 \\
                 I 7. Formal Parameters / 48 \\
                 18. Function Procedures / 51 \\
                 19. The Value List / 55 \\
                 20. Bound Variables / 57 \\
                 21. Blocks / 60 \\
                 22. Dynamic Arrays / 63 \\
                 23. Conditional Expressions / 64 \\
                 24. Logical Variables / 65 \\
                 25. Switch Declarations / 68 \\
                 26. The MC-Translator / 70 \\
                 27. Special Input--Output Procedures / 73 \\
                 Appendix: Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60 /
                 J. W. Backus, F. L. Bauer, J. Green, C. Katz, J.
                 McCarthy, P. Naur (Editor), A. J. Perlis, H.
                 Rutishauser, K. Samelson, B. Vauquois, J. H. Wegstein,
                 A. Van Wijngaarden, M. Woodger / 74--114",
}

@Book{Naur:1964:RRA,
  editor =       "Peter Naur",
  booktitle =    "Revised report on the algorithmic language {ALGOL
                 60}",
  title =        "Revised report on the algorithmic language {ALGOL
                 60}",
  publisher =    "Regnecentralen",
  address =      "Copenhagen, Denmark",
  pages =        "43",
  year =         "1964",
  LCCN =         "QA76.5 .N35 1964",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 08 09:29:33 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  note =         "Written by John W. Backus and others.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  editor-dates = "Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)",
}

@Proceedings{Metropolis:1980:HCT,
  editor =       "Nicholas Metropolis and Jack Howlett and Gian-Carlo
                 Rota",
  booktitle =    "A History of Computing in the {Twentieth Century}: a
                 Collection of Essays",
  title =        "A History of Computing in the {Twentieth Century}: a
                 Collection of Essays",
  publisher =    pub-ACADEMIC,
  address =      pub-ACADEMIC:adr,
  pages =        "xix + 659",
  year =         "1980",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-22029-0",
  ISBN =         "0-12-491650-3, 1-4832-9668-7 (e-book)",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-12-491650-0, 978-1-4832-9668-5 (e-book)",
  LCCN =         "QA75.5 .I63 1976",
  bibdate =      "Tue Aug 15 18:57:33 1995",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/birkhoff-garrett.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/g/good-i-j.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/h/hamming-richard-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/h/householder-alston-s.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/l/lehmer-derrick-henry.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/m/metropolis-nicholas.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/t/turing-alan-mathison.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/u/ulam-stanislaw-m.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wilkes-maurice-v.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wilkinson-james-hardy.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/subjects/acc-stab-num-alg.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/annhistcomput.bib",
  note =         "Original versions of these papers were presented at
                 the International Research Conference on the History of
                 Computing, held at the Los Alamos Scientific
                 Laboratory, 10--15 June 1976.",
  abstract =     "\booktitle{A History of Computing in the Twentieth
                 Century} focuses on the advancements in the processes,
                 methodologies, programs, and techniques in computing.
                 The selection first elaborates on computing
                 developments in Cambridge, U.S.A., pioneering work on
                 computers at Bletchley, and the COLOSSUS. Discussions
                 focus on secrecy and priority, the first COLOSSUS, MARK
                 II COLOSSUS, postwar developments in computing, and the
                 HEATH ROBINSON project. The text then ponders on
                 Turing's work at the National Physical Laboratory and
                 the construction of Pilot ACE, DEUCE, and ACE, the
                 Smithsonian Computer History Project, and programming
                 in America. Topics include origins of FORTRAN,
                 optimization techniques in FORTRAN, DEUCE computer, and
                 the Pilot ACE. The book takes a look at the development
                 of programming in the USSR, advancement of programming
                 languages, and reflections on the evolution of
                 algorithmic language. The book also examines the
                 computer development at Manchester University, the
                 sieve process, MANIAC project, and the ENIAC project.
                 The selection is a valuable reference for computer
                 science experts and researchers interested in the
                 development of computing.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26
                 March 2015); Sir Maurice Vincent Wilkes (26 June
                 1913--29 November 2010)",
  remark =       "This book contains the edited versions of the papers
                 presented at the international research Conference on
                 the History of Computing, held at the Los Alamos
                 Scientific Laboratory, 10--15 June 1976. The book
                 provides an account of the development of the first
                 large-scale computers in the first half of the
                 twentieth century. Each chapter describes one phase of
                 the development and is written by either a participant
                 or a witness to these events. The treatment is
                 narrative and factual and is meant to give a first
                 exposition of the res gestae. The Exposition is
                 accessible to anyone interested in the subject and
                 requires no technical background.",
  tableofcontents = "Contributors / / ii--ii \\
                 Front Matter / / iii--iii \\
                 Copyright / / iv--iv \\
                 Dedication [to John R. Pasta] / / v--v \\
                 List of Contributors / / xi--xiii \\
                 Preface / / xv--xvii \\
                 Acknowledgments / / xviii--xviii \\
                 Introductory Essay / N. Metropolis and Gian-Carlo Rota
                 / xix--xx \\
                 Part I. Introduction \\
                 We would know what they thought when they did it / R.
                 W. Hamming / 3--9 \\
                 Historiography: a perspective for computer scientists /
                 Kenneth O. May / 11--18 \\
                 Part II. The human side \\
                 Computer developments 1935--1955, as seen from
                 Cambridge, U.S.A. / Garrett Birkhoff / 21--30 \\
                 Pioneering work on computers at Bletchley / I. J. Good
                 / 31--45 \\
                 The COLOSSUS / B. Randell / 47--92 \\
                 Von Neumann: the interaction of mathematics and
                 computing / S. M. Ulam / 93--99 \\
                 Turing's work at the National Physical Laboratory and
                 the construction of Pilot ACE, DEUCE, and ACE / J. H.
                 Wilkinson / 101--114 \\
                 The Smithsonian computer history project and some
                 personal recollections / Henry S. Tropp / 115--122 \\
                 Part III. The languages \\
                 Programming in America in the 1950s: some personal
                 impressions / John Backus / 125--135 \\
                 The early development of programming in the USSR /
                 Andrei P. Ershov and Mikhail R. Shura-Bura / 137--196
                 \\
                 The early development of programming languages / Donald
                 E. Knuth and Luis Trabb Pardo / 197--273 \\
                 Reflections on the evolution of algorithmic language /
                 Mark B. Wells / 275--287 \\
                 Part IV. The machines \\
                 Computer development at the Institute for Advanced
                 Study / Julian Bigelow / 291--310 \\
                 From ENIAC to the stored-program computer: two
                 revolutions in computers / Arthur W. Burks / 311--344
                 \\
                 Computer development at Argonne National Laboratory /
                 J. C. Chu / 345--346 \\
                 The ORDVAC and the ILLIAC / James E. Robertson \\
                 WHIRLWIND / Robert R. Everett // 347--364 \\
                 Reminiscences of Oak Ridge / A. S. Householder /
                 385--388 \\
                 Computer development at IBM / Cuthbert C. Hurd /
                 389--418 \\
                 The SWAC: the National Bureau of Weather Standards
                 Western Automatic Computer / Harry D. Huskey / 419--431
                 \\
                 Computer development at Manchester University / S. H.
                 Lavington / 433--443 \\
                 A history of the sieve process / D. H. Lehmer /
                 445--456 \\
                 The MANIAC / N. Metropolis / 457--464 \\
                 Early research on computers at RCA / Jan Rajchman /
                 465--469 \\
                 Memories of the Bureau of Standards' SEAC / Ralph J.
                 Slutz / 471--477 \\
                 Early computers / George R. Stibitz / 479--483 \\
                 The start of an ERA: Engineering Research Associates,
                 Inc., 1946--1955 / Erwin Tomash / 485--495 \\
                 Early programming development in Cambridge / M. V.
                 Wilkes / 497--501 \\
                 Part V. The places \\
                 Between Zuse and Rutishauser: the early development of
                 digital computing in central Europe / Friedrich L.
                 Bauer / 505--524 \\
                 The ENIAC / J. Presper Eckert, Jr. / 525--539 \\
                 The ENIAC / John W. Mauchly / 541--550 \\
                 Computers in the University of London, 1945--1962 /
                 Andrew D. Booth / 551--561 \\
                 A programmer's early memories / Edsger W. Dijkstra /
                 563--573 \\
                 Early history of computing in Japan / Ryota Suekane /
                 575--578 \\
                 From mechanical linkages to electronic computers:
                 recollections from Czechoslovakia / Antonin Svoboda /
                 579--586 \\
                 Central European prehistory of computing / H. Zemanek /
                 587--609 \\
                 Some remarks on the history of computing in Germany /
                 Konrad Zuse / 611--627 \\
                 The origins of digital computers: supplementary
                 bibliography / B. Randell // 629--659 \\
                 General Index / / 661--683 \\
                 Index of Claimed Firsts and Inventions / 684--685 \\
                 Index of Names / 686--693",
}

@Proceedings{deBakker:1981:ALP,
  editor =       "J. W. (Jacobus Willem) de Bakker and J. C. van Vliet",
  booktitle =    "Algorithmic languages: Proceedings of the
                 International Symposium on \ldots{}, {Amsterdam, The
                 Netherlands, 26--29 October 1981, a tribute to prof. A.
                 van Wijngaarden on the occasion of his retirement from
                 the Mathematical Centre}",
  title =        "Algorithmic languages: Proceedings of the
                 International Symposium on \ldots{}, {Amsterdam, The
                 Netherlands, 26--29 October 1981, a tribute to prof. A.
                 van Wijngaarden on the occasion of his retirement from
                 the Mathematical Centre}",
  publisher =    pub-NORTH-HOLLAND,
  address =      pub-NORTH-HOLLAND:adr,
  pages =        "xxvi + 431",
  year =         "1981",
  ISBN =         "0-444-86285-4",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-444-86285-3",
  LCCN =         "QA76.7 .I575 1981",
  bibdate =      "Sat May 30 12:50:58 MDT 2026",
  bibsource =    "fsz3950.oclc.org:210/WorldCat;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib",
  URL =          "https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/34328/34328D.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  meetingname =  "International Symposium on Algorithmic Languages
                 (1981. Amsterdam)",
  remark =       "Pages xiii--xviii contain a van Wijngaarden
                 publication list, from 1942 to 1981.",
  subject =      "Wijngaarden, Adriaan van; Homenajes; Homenajes;
                 Lenguajes de programaci{\'o}n; Congresos; Congresos",
  tableofcontents = "Editors' Preface / vii--xi \\
                 Publications by A. van Wijngaarden / xiii--xviii \\
                 Ph.D. Students of A. van Wijngaarden / xix--xx \\
                 Foreword / M. Paul / xxi--xxiv \\
                 The role of Professor A. van Wijngaarden in the history
                 of IFIP (Invited Opening Address) / Heinz Zemanek /
                 1--47 \\
                 PLAIN: An algorithmic language for interactive
                 information systems / Anthony I. Wasserman, Reind P.
                 van de Riet, Martin L. Kersten / 29--48 \\
                 PORTAL --- a PASCAL-based real-time programming
                 language / Rudolf Schild / 49--58 \\
                 Naming by colours: A graph-theoretic approach to
                 distributed structure / J. D. Roberts / 59--76 \\
                 Optimization of inductive assertions / Henry S. Warren,
                 Jr. / 77--98 \\
                 The design of vector programs / Alain Bossavit,
                 Bertrand Meyer / 99--114 \\
                 Formal language definitions can be made practical /
                 Paul Klint / 115--132 \\
                 Is computer science based on the wrong fundamental
                 concept of `program'? An extended concept (Invited
                 Address) / John Backus / 133--165 \\
                 Issues in the design of a beginners' programming
                 language / Lambert G. L. T. Meertens / 167--184 \\
                 From VW-grammar to ALEPH / D. Grune / 185--202 \\
                 On design principles for programming languages: An
                 algebraic approach / M. Broy, P. Pepper, M. Wirsing /
                 203--219 \\
                 The structured description of algorithm derivations
                 (Invited Address) / John Darlington / 221--250 \\
                 HYPERLISP / Masahiko Sato, Masami Hagiya / 251--269 \\
                 Symbolic evaluation of LISP functions with side effects
                 for verification / Dennis de Champeaux, Jos de Bruin /
                 271--291 \\
                 Aad van Wijngaarden's contributions to ALGOL 60
                 (Invited Address) / Peter Naur / 293--304 \\
                 On the notion of strong typing / Maarten M. Fokkinga /
                 305--320 \\
                 Abstract storage structures / H. B. M. Jonkers /
                 321--343 \\
                 The essence of ALGOL (Invited Address) / John C.
                 Reynolds / 345--372 \\
                 An operational semantics for bounded nondeterminism
                 equivalent to a denotational one / R. Kuiper / 373--398
                 \\
                 A proof rule for fair termination of guarded commands /
                 0rna Gr{\"u}mberg, Nissim Francez, Johann A. Makowsky,
                 Willem P. de Roever / 399--416 \\
                 ALGOL 68 revisited twelve years later or from AAD to
                 ADA (Invited Address) / W{\l}adys{\l}aw M. Turski /
                 417--417",
}

@Proceedings{Wexelblat:1981:HPL,
  editor =       "Richard L. Wexelblat",
  booktitle =    "History of programming languages. Proceedings of the
                 {ACM SIGPLAN} conference ({Los Angeles, Calif.}, {June}
                 1--3, 1978)",
  title =        "History of programming languages. Proceedings of the
                 {ACM SIGPLAN} conference ({Los Angeles, Calif.}, {June}
                 1--3, 1978)",
  publisher =    pub-ACADEMIC,
  address =      pub-ACADEMIC:adr,
  pages =        "xxiii + 758",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1981",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1145/800025",
  ISBN =         "0-12-745040-8",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-12-745040-7",
  LCCN =         "QA76.7 .H56 1978",
  bibdate =      "Mon Aug 22 14:21:11 1994",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/sigplan1980.bib",
  URL =          "https://dl.acm.org/doi/book/10.1145/800025",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26
                 March 2015); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May
                 1980)",
  keywords =     "languages",
  review =       "ACM CR 39078, ACM CR 39079",
  shorttableofcontents = "The opening session / conference chairman:
                 Jean E. Sammet \\
                 FORTRAN session / chairman: Jan Lee \\
                 ALGOL session / chairman: Thomas Cheatham \\
                 LISP session / chairman: Barbara Liskov \\
                 COBOL session / chairman: Michael Marcotty \\
                 APT session / chairman: John Goodenough \\
                 JOVIAL session / chairman: John Goodenough \\
                 GPSS session / chairman: Barbara Liskov \\
                 SIMULA session / chairman: Barbara Liskov \\
                 JOSS session / chairman: Thomas Cheatham \\
                 BASIC session / chairman: Thomas Cheatham \\
                 PL/1 session / chairman: Robert Rosin \\
                 SNOBOL session / chairman: Jan Lee \\
                 APL session / chairman: Jan Lee",
  subject =      "D.3 Software, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, General \\ K.2
                 Computing Milieux, HISTORY OF COMPUTING, People \\ K.2
                 Computing Milieux, HISTORY OF COMPUTING, Software",
  tableofcontents = "Editor's Introduction/ Richard L. Wexelblat / xiii
                 \\
                 \\
                 Organization of the Conference/Jean E. Sammet \\
                 \\
                 On Doing Contemporary History / Henry Tropp \\
                 \\
                 I The Opening Session / Conference Chairman: Jean E.
                 Sammet / Speaker: Grace Murray Hopper \\
                 Conference Chairman's Opening Remarks / Jean E. Sammet
                 / 1 \\
                 Introduction of Captain Grace Murray Hopper / Jean E.
                 Sammet / 5 \\
                 Keynote Address / Grace Murray Hopper / 7 \\
                 Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 20 \\
                 Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 23 \\
                 \\
                 FORTRAN Session / Chairman: Jan Lee / Speaker: John
                 Backus / Discussant: George Ryckman \\
                 Paper: The History of FORTRAN I, II, and III / John
                 Backus / 25 \\
                 1. Early Background and Environment / 25 \\
                 2. The Early Stages of the FORTRAN Project / 29 \\
                 3. The Construction of the Compiler / 33 \\
                 4. FORTRAN II / 41 \\
                 5. FORTRAN III / 42 \\
                 6. FORTRAN after 1958; Comments / 42 \\
                 References / 44 \\
                 Transcript of Presentation / John Backus / 45 \\
                 Transcript of Discussant's Remarks / George Ryckman /
                 66 \\
                 Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 68 \\
                 Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 71 \\
                 Biography of John Backus / 74 \\
                 \\
                 ALGOL Session / Chairman: Thomas Cheatham / Speakers:
                 Alan J. Perlis and Peter Naur \\
                 Paper: The American Side of the Development of ALGOL /
                 Alan J. Perlis / 75 \\
                 1. Before ALGOL 58 / 75 \\
                 2. The Zurich Meeting / 78 \\
                 3. ALGOL 58 / 80 \\
                 4. From Zurich to Paris / 82 \\
                 5. Paris and the ALGOL 60 Report / 88 \\
                 6. Post Paris / 89 \\
                 References / 91 \\
                 Paper: The European Side of the Last Phase of the
                 Development of ALGOL 60 / Peter Naur / 92 \\
                 Introduction / 92 \\
                 1. Background / 93 \\
                 2. Rationale of Content of Language / 101 \\
                 3. A Posteriori Evaluation / 113 \\
                 4. Implications for Current and Future Languages / 118
                 \\
                 Appendix 1. Centers and Individuals / 119 \\
                 Appendix 2. Backus' Syntax Notation and Its
                 Modification / 121 \\
                 Appendix 3. Quotations from the Zurich Report Relevant
                 to the Development of Blocks and Procedures / 122 \\
                 Appendix 4. Notes by J. H. Wegstein / 126 \\
                 Appendix 5. Notes by F. L. Bauer / 127 \\
                 Appendix 6. Notes by M. Woodger / 130 \\
                 Appendix 7. Comments by K. Samelson, 1978 December 1 /
                 131 \\
                 Appendix 8. Remarks to Samelson's Comments in Appendix
                 7 by P. Naur / 134 \\
                 References / 137 \\
                 Transcripts of Presentations / Alan J. Perlis / 139 \\
                 Transcripts of Presentations / Peter Naur / 147 \\
                 Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 161 \\
                 Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 167 \\
                 Biography of Alan J. Perlis / 171 \\
                 Biography of Peter Naur / 172 \\
                 \\
                 IV LISP Session / Chairman: Barbara Liskov / Speaker:
                 John WcCarthy / Discussant: Paul Abrahams \\
                 Paper: History of Lisp / John McCarthy / 173 \\
                 1. Introduction / 173 \\
                 2. LISP Prehistory Summer 1956 through Summer 1958 /
                 174 \\
                 3. The Implementation of LISP / 177 \\
                 4. From LISP I to LISP 1.5 / 179 \\
                 5. Beyond LISP 1.5 / 181 \\
                 6. Conclusions / 182 \\
                 Appendix. Humorous Anecdote / 183 \\
                 References / 183 \\
                 Transcript of Presentation / John McCarthy / 185 \\
                 Transcript of Discussant's Remarks / Paul Abrahams /
                 191 \\
                 Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 195 \\
                 Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 196 \\
                 Biography of John McCarthy / 197 \\
                 \\
                 V COBOL Session / Chairman: Michael Marcotty / Speaker:
                 Jean E. Sammet / Discussant: Betty Holberton \\
                 Paper: The Early History of COBOL / Jean E. Sammet \\
                 1. Introduction / 199 \\
                 2. Background / 200 \\
                 3. Rationale for Content of Language / 221 \\
                 4. A Posteriori Evaluation / 236 \\
                 5. Implications for Current and Future Languages / 239
                 \\
                 Appendix. List of Attendees at Pentagon Meeting, May
                 28--29, 1959 / 240 \\
                 References / 241 \\
                 Transcript of Presentation / Jean E. Sammet / 243 \\
                 Transcript of Discussant's Remarks / Betty Holberton /
                 260 \\
                 Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 263 \\
                 Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 270 \\
                 Biography of Jean E. Sammet / 277 \\
                 \\
                 VI APT Session / Chairman: John Goodenough / Speaker:
                 Douglas T. Ross \\
                 Paper: Origins of the APT Language for Automatically
                 Programmed Tools / Douglas T. Ross / 279 \\
                 1. Introduction / 279 \\
                 2. Background / 285 \\
                 3. Period 1. Initial APT Formulation (September 1956
                 through January 1957) / 288 \\
                 4. Period 2: Special N/C Course for the AIA (December
                 1956 through April 1957) / 296 \\
                 5. Period 3: The APT Joint Effort (January 1957 through
                 May 1957) / 300 \\
                 6. Period 4: The Origins of APT Language (May 24, 1957
                 to June 14, 1957) / 304 \\
                 7. Period 5: Evolution of the System (May 1957 through
                 May 1958) / 311 \\
                 8. Period 6: The Field Trial APT Language (November
                 1957 through April 1958) / 319 \\
                 9. Period 7: The Postcoordinator Report (July 1958) /
                 323 \\
                 10. Period 8: The First Real APT Language (August 1958
                 through November 1958) / 324 \\
                 11. Period 9: The Press Conference (November 1958
                 through February 1959) / 332 \\
                 12. Period 10: The MIT ARELEM Epilogue (July 1959
                 through July 1962) / 333 \\
                 References / 335 \\
                 Transcript of Presentation / Douglas T. Ross / 338 \\
                 Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 365 \\
                 Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 366 \\
                 Biography of Douglas T. Ross / 367 \\
                 \\
                 VII JOVIAL Session / Chairman: John Goodenough /
                 Speaker: Jules I. Schwartz \\
                 Paper: The Development of JOVIAL / Jules I. Schwartz /
                 369 \\
                 1. Background / 369 \\
                 2. Rationale of the Content of the Language / 375 \\
                 3. A Posteriori Evaluation / 382 \\
                 4. Implications for Current and Future Language / 386
                 \\
                 References / 387 \\
                 Transcript of Presentation / Jules I. Schwartz / 388
                 \\
                 Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 397 \\
                 Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 399 \\
                 Biography of Jules I. Schwartz / 401 \\
                 \\
                 VIII GPSS Session / Chairman: Barbara Liskov / Speaker:
                 Geoffrey Gordon \\
                 Paper: The Development of the General Purpose
                 Simulation System (GPSS) / Geoffrey Gordon / 403 \\
                 1. Background / 403 \\
                 2. Rationale and Content of the Language / 412 \\
                 3. Program Organization / 416 \\
                 4. A Posteriori Evaluation / 421 \\
                 References / 424 \\
                 Transcript of Presentation / Geoffrey Gordon / 426 \\
                 Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 435 \\
                 Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 436 \\
                 Biography of Geoffrey Gordon / 437 \\
                 \\
                 IX SIMULA Session / Chairman: Barbara Liskov / Speaker:
                 Kristen Nygaard / Discussant: Ole-Johan Dahl \\
                 Paper: The Development of the Simula Languages /
                 Kristen Nygaard and Ole-Johan Dahl / 439 \\
                 Preface / 439 \\
                 1. Background / 440 \\
                 2. Simula I / 441 \\
                 3. Simula 67 / 459 \\
                 4. Concluding Remarks / 476 \\
                 References / 478 \\
                 Transcript of Presentation / Kristen Nygaard / 480 \\
                 Transcript of Discussant's Remarks / Ole-Johan Dahl /
                 488 \\
                 Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 490 \\
                 Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 491 \\
                 Biography of Kristen Nygaard / 492 \\
                 Biography of Ole-Johan Dahl / 493 \\
                 \\
                 JOSS Session / Chairman: Thomas Cheatham / Speaker:
                 Charles L. Baker \\
                 Paper: JOSS JOHNNIAC Open-Shop System / Charles L.
                 Baker / 495 \\
                 1. The JOHNNIAC the Beginning of Joss / 495 \\
                 2. The JOSS Language / 499 \\
                 3. Philosophy of JOSS / 502 \\
                 4. Chronology JOSS Derivatives / 506 \\
                 References / 507 \\
                 Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 508 \\
                 Biography of Charles L. Baker / 512 \\
                 \\
                 XI BASIC Session / Chairman: Thomas Cheatham / Speaker:
                 Thomas E. Kurtz \\
                 Paper: Basic / Thomas E. Kurtz / 515 \\
                 1. Background / 515 \\
                 2. Rationale for Basic / 518 \\
                 3. Descriptions of Basic / 523 \\
                 4. Dartmouth and General Electric / 532 \\
                 5. Evaluation / 534 \\
                 6. Implications / 535 \\
                 References / 536 \\
                 Transcript of Presentation / Thomas E. Kurtz / 537 \\
                 Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 546 \\
                 Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 548 \\
                 Biography of Thomas E. Kurtz / 549 \\
                 \\
                 XII PL/I Session / Chairman: Robert Rosin / Speaker:
                 George Radin / Discussant: Bruce Rosenblatt \\
                 Paper: The Early History and Characteristics of PL/I /
                 George Radin / 551 \\
                 1. Introduction / 551 \\
                 2. Background / 552 \\
                 3. Design Criteria / 561 \\
                 4. Rationale and Evaluation of Contents of NPL-PL/I /
                 562 \\
                 5. Implications for Current and Future Languages / 572
                 \\
                 Appendix A / 573 \\
                 References / 574 \\
                 Transcript of Presentation / George Radin / 575 \\
                 Transcript of Discussant's Remarks / Bruce Rosenblatt /
                 589 \\
                 Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 592 \\
                 Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 596 \\
                 Biography of George Radin / 599 \\
                 \\
                 XIII SNOBOL Session / Chairman: Jan Lee / Speaker:
                 Ralph E. Griswold \\
                 Paper: A History of the SNOBOL Programming Languages /
                 Ralph E. Griswold / 601 \\
                 1. Background / 601 \\
                 2. Rationale for the Content of the Language / 614 \\
                 3. A Posteriori Evaluation / 624 \\
                 4. Implications for Current and Future Languages / 634
                 \\
                 References / 637 \\
                 Transcript of Presentation / Ralph E. Griswold / 645
                 \\
                 Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 657 \\
                 Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 659 \\
                 Biography of Ralph E. Griswold / 660 \\
                 \\
                 XIV APL Session / Chairman: Jan Lee / Speaker: Kenneth
                 E. Iverson / Discussant: Frederick Brooks \\
                 Paper: The Evolution of APL / Adin D. Falkoff and
                 Kenneth E. Iverson / 661 \\
                 1. Academic Use / 662 \\
                 2. Machine Description / 663 \\
                 3. Implementation / 664 \\
                 4. Systems / 669 \\
                 5. A Detailed Example / 670 \\
                 6. Conclusions / 670 \\
                 Appendix. Acknowledgments / 673 \\
                 References / 673 \\
                 Transcript of Presentation / Kenneth E. Iverson / 674
                 \\
                 Transcript of Discussant's Remarks / Frederick Brooks /
                 683 \\
                 Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 685 \\
                 Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 686 \\
                 Biography of Adin D. Falkoff / 690 \\
                 Biography of Kenneth E. Iverson / 691 \\
                 \\
                 Appendixes \\
                 \\
                 Appendix A. Language Summaries / 693 \\
                 APL / 693 \\
                 APT / 695 \\
                 ALGOL 60 / 696 \\
                 BASIC / 698 \\
                 COBOL 60 / 699 \\
                 FORTRAN / 701 \\
                 GPSS / 703 \\
                 JOSS / 705 \\
                 JOVIAL / 708 \\
                 A Micro-Manual for LISP / 710 \\
                 PL/I / 712 \\
                 SIMULA / 715 \\
                 SNOBOL / 718 \\
                 \\
                 Appendix B. Conference Organization / 721 \\
                 Major Elements / 721 \\
                 General Questions Asked of All Authors / 722 \\
                 \\
                 Appendix C. List of Attendees / 729 \\
                 Appendix D. Conference Publicity: Original
                 Announcement, Preliminary Program, and Final Program /
                 736 \\
                 Appendix E. Photographs From Conference / 741 \\
                 Appendix F. Conference Audio and Video Recordings / 745
                 \\
                 \\
                 Afterword / 747 \\
                 \\
                 Index / 749",
}

@Proceedings{Srinivas:1986:GBF,
  editor =       "Y. V. Srinivas and Rajeev Sangal",
  booktitle =    "Foundations of software technology and theoretical
                 computer science, Proceedings of the 6th Conference,
                 {New Delhi, India December 18--20, 1986}",
  title =        "Foundations of software technology and theoretical
                 computer science, Proceedings of the 6th Conference,
                 {New Delhi, India December 18--20, 1986}",
  volume =       "241",
  publisher =    pub-SV,
  address =      pub-SV:adr,
  bookpages =    "xii + 518",
  pages =        "xii + 518",
  year =         "1986",
  ISBN =         "0-387-17179-7, 3-540-17179-7, 3-540-47239-8",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-387-17179-1, 978-3-540-17179-9,
                 978-3-540-47239-1",
  LCCN =         "QA76.751 .F68 1986",
  bibdate =      "Wed Jun 10 11:11:18 2026",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  series =       ser-LNCS,
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  tableofcontents = "Software Development Graphs a unifying concept for
                 software development? \\
                 Concurrent runtime checking of annotated Ada programs
                 \\
                 Recovery of noncurrent variables in source-level
                 debugging of optimized code \\
                 Automatic retargetable code generation: A new technique
                 \\
                 An implementation of OBJ2: An object-oriented language
                 for abstract program specification \\
                 Explicit representation of terms defined by counter
                 examples \\
                 A framework for intelligent backtracking in logic
                 programs \\
                 A generalization of Backus' FP \\
                 Shortest-path motion \\
                 Via assignment in single row routing \\
                 Average-case analysis of the Modified Harmonic
                 algorithm \\
                 Covering minima and lattice point free convex bodies
                 \\
                 Binary decompositions and acyclic schemes \\
                 Thin homogeneous sets of factors \\
                 Irreducible polynomials over finite fields \\
                 Basis reduction and evidence for transcendence of
                 certain numbers \\
                 A characterization of asynchronous message-passing \\
                 Modular synthesis of deadlock-free control structures
                 \\
                 Distributed resource sharing in computer networks \\
                 On proving communication closedness of distributed
                 layers \\
                 A distributed algorithm for edge-disjoint path problem
                 \\
                 Scheduling of hard real-time systems \\
                 A polynomial approximation scheme for machine
                 scheduling on uniform processors: Using the dual
                 approximation approach \\
                 Connectivity algorithms using rubber bands \\
                 On simple and creative sets in NP \\
                 Complexity of sufficient-completeness \\
                 Sampling a population with a semi-random source \\
                 An optimal parallel algorithm for dynamic expression
                 evaluation and its applications \\
                 Extension of the parallel nested dissection algorithm
                 to path algebra problems \\
                 On synthesizing systolic arrays from Recurrence
                 Equations with Linear Dependencies \\
                 An efficient parallel algorithm for term matching",
}

@Book{Ashenhurst:1987:ATA,
  editor =       "Robert L. Ashenhurst",
  booktitle =    "{ACM Turing Award Lectures}: the first twenty years,
                 1966--1985",
  title =        "{ACM Turing Award Lectures}: the first twenty years,
                 1966--1985",
  publisher =    pub-ACM # " and " # pub-AW,
  address =      pub-ACM:adr # " and " # pub-AW:adr,
  pages =        "xviii + 483",
  year =         "1987",
  ISBN =         "0-201-07794-9",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-201-07794-0",
  LCCN =         "QA76.24 .A33 1987",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 06 17:50:49 2005",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wilkes-maurice-v.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/acm-turing-awards.bib;
                 z3950.loc.gov:7090/Voyager",
  series =       "ACM Press anthology series",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "Charles Antony Richard Hoare (11 January 1934--5 March
                 2026); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March
                 2007)",
  subject =      "Electronic data processing; Computers",
  tableofcontents = "The synthesis of algorithmic systems / Alan J.
                 Perlis \\
                 Computers then and now / Maurice V. Wilkes \\
                 One man's view of computer science / R. W. Hamming \\
                 Form and content in computer science / Marvin Minsky
                 \\
                 Some comments from a numerical analyst / J. H.
                 Wilkinson \\
                 Generality in artificial intelligence / John McCarthy
                 \\
                 The humble programmer / Edsger W. Dijkstra \\
                 The programmer as navigator / Charles W. Bachman \\
                 Computer programming as an art / Donald E. Knuth \\
                 Computer science as empirical inquiry: symbols and
                 search / Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon \\
                 Complexity of computations / Michael O. Rabin \\
                 Logic and programming languages / Dana S. Scott \\
                 Can programming be liberated from the von Neumann
                 style?: a functional style and its algebra of programs
                 / John Backus \\
                 The paradigms of programming / Robert W. Floyd \\
                 Notation as a tool of thought / Kenneth E. Iverson \\
                 The emperor's old clothes / Charles Antony Richard
                 Hoare \\
                 Relational database: a practical foundation for
                 productivity / E. F. Codd \\
                 An overview of computational complexity / Stephen A.
                 Cook \\
                 Reflections on software research / Dennis M. Ritchie
                 \\
                 Reflections on trusting trust / Ken Thompson \\
                 From programming language design to computer
                 construction / Niklaus Wirth \\
                 Combinatorics, complexity, and randomness / Richard M.
                 Karp \\
                 Algorithm design / Robert E. Tarjan \\
                 Computer science: the emergence of a discipline / John
                 E. Hopcroft \\
                 The search for performance in scientific processors /
                 John Cocke \\
                 Micropipelines / Ivan E. Sutherland \\
                 On building systems that will fail / Fernando J.
                 Corbat{\'o} \\
                 Elements of interaction / Robin Milner \\
                 Turing Award Lecture: it's time to reconsider time /
                 Richard Edwin Stearns \\
                 Turing Award Lecture: on computational complexity and
                 the nature of computer science / Juris Hartmanis \\
                 How the `what' becomes the `how' / Edward A. Feigenbaum
                 \\
                 To dream the possible dream / Raj Reddy \\
                 The Early Days of RSA: History and Lessons / Ronald L.
                 Rivest \\
                 Pre-RSA Days: History and Lessons / Leonard Adleman \\
                 Cryptography: State of the science / Adi Shamir \\
                 Turing Award Lecture / Alan Kay \\
                 Assessing the Internet: Lessons Learned, Strategies for
                 Evolution, and Future Possibilities / Vinton Cerf,
                 Robert E. Kahn \\
                 Computing vs. Human Thinking / Peter Naur \\
                 Compiling for Performance: A Personal Tour / Frances
                 Allen \\
                 Model checking: my 27-year quest to overcome the state
                 explosion problem / Edmund M. Clarke \\
                 Model checking: A Personal Perspective / E. Allen
                 Emerson \\
                 The Quest for Correctness Beyond Verification / Joseph
                 Sifakis \\
                 The Power of Abstraction / Barbara Liskov \\
                 Improving the Future by Examining the Past / Charles P.
                 Thacker",
}

@Book{Slater:1987:PS,
  author =       "Robert Slater",
  booktitle =    "Portraits in Silicon",
  title =        "Portraits in Silicon",
  publisher =    pub-MIT,
  address =      pub-MIT:adr,
  pages =        "xiv + 374",
  year =         "1987",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.001.0001",
  ISBN =         "0-262-19262-4 (hardcover), 0-262-69131-0 (paperback),
                 0-262-29142-8 (e-book)",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-262-19262-0 (hardcover), 978-0-262-69131-4
                 (paperback), 978-0-262-29142-2 (e-book)",
  LCCN =         "TK7885.2 .S571 1987",
  bibdate =      "Mon Nov 4 07:46:57 MST 2002",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/babbage-charles.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/shannon-claude-elwood.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/t/turing-alan-mathison.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/annhistcomput.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/unix.bib",
  abstract =     "Who are the masterminds of today's electronic
                 revolution and what motivated them? That's the question
                 Time correspondent Robert Slater asked as he traveled
                 to Silicon Valley to interview the designers,
                 entrepreneurs, hardware engineers, and software writers
                 who have given us the modern computer. Robert Slater is
                 a member of the reporting staff of the Time Jerusalem
                 bureau.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Adam Osborne; Alan Turing; Charles Babbage; Claude
                 Shannon; computer engineers --- biography; computer
                 industry --- history; computers --- history; Daniel
                 Bricklin; Dennis Ritchie and Kenneth Thompson; Donald
                 Knuth.; Gary Kildall; Gene Amdahl; Gordon Bell; Grace
                 Murray Hopper; H. Ross Perot; Howard Aiken;
                 industrialists --- biography; Jack Kilby; Jay W.
                 Forrester; John Backus; John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz;
                 John V. Atanasoff; John V. Mauchly and J. Presper
                 Eckert; John von Neumann; Konrad Zuse; Marcian E. (Ted)
                 Hoff; Nolan Bushnell; Robert Noyce; Seymour Cray;
                 Steven Jobs; Thomas J. Watson; William Gates; William
                 Millard; William Norris; William Shockley",
  subject =      "industrialists; biography; computer industry; history;
                 computers; computer engineers; industriels;
                 biographies; informatique; industrie; histoire;
                 ordinateurs; informaticiens; computer engineers;
                 computer industry; computers; industrialists.",
  tableofcontents = "Preface /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0001 \\
                 Acknowledgments /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0002 \\
                 The Conceptualizers \\
                 1: Charles Babbage: Grandfather of the Computer
                 Pioneers /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0004 \\
                 2: Alan Turing: Can a Machine Be Made to Think? /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0005 \\
                 3:John von Neumann: A Name Synonymous with Computers /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0006 \\
                 4: Claude Shannon: Of Boolean Logic, Mice, Juggling,
                 and Unicycles /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0007 \\
                 The Early Inventors \\
                 5: Konrad Zuse: A Little-Known Computer Builder /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0009 \\
                 6: John V. Atanasoff: The Inventor of the Digital
                 Computer-According to the Law! /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0010 \\
                 7: John V. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert: The Men Who
                 Built ENIAC /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0011 \\
                 8: Howard Aiken: Builder of the First American
                 Electronic Brain /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0012 \\
                 9: Jay W. Forrester: The Core Memory Man /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0013 \\
                 The Early Entrepreneurs \\
                 10: Thomas J. Watson, Sr.: Founder of IBM /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0015 \\
                 11: William Norris: Founder of Data Control Corporation
                 / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0016 \\
                 12: H. Ross Perot: Computerizing the World /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0017 \\
                 Making the Computer Smaller and More Powerful \\
                 13: William Shockley: Co-Inventor of the Transistor /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0019 \\
                 14: Robert Noyce: The Mayor of Silicon Valley /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0020 \\
                 15: Jack Kilby: Co-Inventor of the Integrated Circuit /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0021 \\
                 16: Marcian E. (Ted) Hoff: Inventor of the ``Computer
                 on a Chip'' /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0022 \\
                 The Hardware Designers \\
                 17: Gene Amdahl: Mainframe Designer Par Excellence /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0024 \\
                 18: Seymour Cray: The Hermit of Cippewa Falls and His
                 ``Simple, Dumb Things'' /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0025 \\
                 19: Gordon Bell: Launching the Age of the Minicomputer
                 / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0026 \\
                 The Software Specialists \\
                 20: Grace Murray Hopper: Bugs, Compilers, and COBOL /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0028 \\
                 21: John Backus: The Man Who Invented FORTRAN /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0029 \\
                 22: John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz: Handling the Computer
                 --- BASICally /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0030 \\
                 23: Gary Kildall: Making It Easier to Use a
                 Computer-with CP/M /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0031 \\
                 24: William Gates: Engine of the Small Computer
                 Revolution /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0032 \\
                 25: Dennis Ritchie and Kenneth Thompson: Creators of
                 UNIX / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0033
                 \\
                 26: Daniel Bricklin: The Spreadsheet Pioneer Who
                 Invented VisiCalc /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0034 \\
                 Bringing the Computer to the Masses \\
                 27: Nolan Bushnell: Captain Pong, Leader of the Video
                 Game Revolution /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0036 \\
                 28: Steven Jobs: Cofounder of Apple /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0037 \\
                 29: Adam Osborne: He Made the Computer Portable /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0038 \\
                 30: William Millard: The Man Who Build ComputerLand /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0039 \\
                 Computer Science Pioneer \\
                 31: Donald Knuth: The Preeminent Scholar of Computer
                 Science /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0041 \\
                 Notes / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0042
                 \\
                 Bibliography /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0043 \\
                 Illustration Credits /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0044 \\
                 Index /
                 https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0045",
}

@Proceedings{Turner:1990:RTF,
  editor =       "David A. Turner",
  booktitle =    "Research Topics in Functional Programming: Papers from
                 a Meeting Held at the {University of Texas at Austin,
                 August 1987}",
  title =        "Research topics in functional programming: Papers from
                 a meeting held at the {University of Texas at Austin,
                 August 1987}",
  publisher =    pub-AW,
  address =      pub-AW:adr,
  pages =        "xv + 374",
  year =         "1990",
  ISBN =         "0-201-17236-4",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-201-17236-2",
  LCCN =         "QA76.62 .R47 1990",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 15 13:47:41 MDT 2026",
  bibsource =    "fsz3950.oclc.org:210/WorldCat;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib",
  series =       "University of Texas at Austin Year of Programming
                 series",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject =      "Functional programming (Computer science);
                 Programmation fonctionnelle; Functional programming
                 (Computer science)",
}

@Proceedings{Lengauer:1993:AEF,
  editor =       "T. Lengauer",
  booktitle =    "{Algorithms --- ESA'93. First Annual European
                 Symposium Proceedings: September 1993, Bad Honnef,
                 Germany}",
  title =        "{Algorithms --- ESA'93. First Annual European
                 Symposium Proceedings: September 1993, Bad Honnef,
                 Germany}",
  volume =       "726",
  publisher =    pub-SV,
  address =      pub-SV:adr,
  pages =        "ix + 418",
  year =         "1993",
  ISBN =         "3-540-57273-2, 0-387-57273-2",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-3-540-57273-2, 978-0-387-57273-4",
  ISSN =         "0302-9743 (print), 1611-3349 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0302-9743",
  LCCN =         "QA76.9.A43E83 1993",
  bibdate =      "Tue Sep 10 19:13:47 MDT 1996",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/sgml.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/string-matching.bib",
  series =       ser-LNCS,
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  confdate =     "30 Sept.--2 Oct. 1993",
  conflocation = "Bad Honnef, Germany",
  pubcountry =   "Germany",
}

@Book{Laplante:1996:GPC,
  editor =       "Phillip Laplante",
  booktitle =    "Great Papers in Computer Science",
  title =        "Great Papers in Computer Science",
  publisher =    pub-IEEE,
  address =      pub-IEEE:adr,
  pages =        "iv + 717",
  year =         "1996",
  ISBN =         "0-314-06365-X (paperback), 0-7803-1112-4 (hardcover)",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-314-06365-6 (paperback), 978-0-7803-1112-1
                 (hardcover)",
  LCCN =         "QA76 .G686 1996",
  bibdate =      "Mon Jun 30 09:07:12 2003",
  bibsource =    "http://cs.wwc.edu/~aabyan/221_2/PLBOOK/Syntax.html;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/shannon-claude-elwood.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/t/turing-alan-mathison.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wilkes-maurice-v.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib",
  note =         "Contains a reprint of the first published paper on
                 Fortran \cite{Backus:1957:FAC}.",
  URL =          "http://bit.csc.lsu.edu/~chen/GreatPapers.html",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  tableofcontents = "1.1 The Complexity of Theorem Proving Procedures /
                 2 \\
                 Stephen A. Cook \\
                 1.2 On the Conceptual Complexity of Algorithms / 10 \\
                 J. Hartmanis and R. E. Stearns \\
                 1.3 Quicksort / 31 \\
                 C. A. R. Hoare \\
                 1.4 Finite Automata and Their Decision Problems / 40
                 \\
                 M. O. Rabin and D. Scott \\
                 Section 2. Programming Languages \\
                 2.1 The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System / 62 \\
                 J. W. Backus, et al. \\
                 2.2 An Axiomatic Basis for Computer Programming / 80
                 \\
                 C. A. R. Hoare \\
                 2.3 An Axiomatic Definition of the Programming Language
                 Pascal / 90 \\
                 C. A. R. Hoare and N. Wirth \\
                 2.4 The Contour Model of Block Structured Processes /
                 111 \\
                 John B. Johnston \\
                 2.5 On the Translation of Languages from Left to Right
                 / 150 \\
                 Donald E. Knuth \\
                 2.6 Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60
                 / 174 \\
                 Peter Naur, et al. \\
                 Section 3. Architecture \\
                 3.1 First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC / 208 \\
                 John von Neumann \\
                 3.2 A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits
                 / 219 \\
                 Claude E. Shannon \\
                 3.3 Alto: A Personal Computer / 246 \\
                 C. P. Thacker, E. M. McCreight, B. W. Lampson, \\
                 R. F. Sproull, and D. R Boggs \\
                 3.4 The Best Way to Design an Automatic Calculating
                 Machine / 279 \\
                 M. V. Wilkes \\
                 Section 4. Numerical and Scientific Computing \\
                 4.1 On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the
                 Entscheidungsproblem / 287 \\
                 A. M. Turing \\
                 4.2 On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the
                 Entscheidungsproblem. A Correction / 317 \\
                 A. M. Turing \\
                 Section 5. Operating Systems \\
                 5.1 Cooperating Sequential Processes / 321 \\
                 Edsger W. Dijkstra \\
                 5.2 Solution of a Problem in Concurrent Process Control
                 / 378 \\
                 Edsger W. Dijkstra \\
                 5.3 A Formal System for Information Retrieval from
                 Files / 381 \\
                 David Hsiao and Frank Harary \\
                 Section 6. Software Methodology and Engineering \\
                 6.1 No Silver Bullet? Essence and Accidents of Software
                 Engineering / 397 \\
                 Frederick P. Brooks \\
                 6.2 Guarded Commands, Nondeterminancy, and Formal
                 Derivation of Programs / 412 \\
                 Edsger W. Dijkstra \\
                 6.3 Go To Statement Considered Harmful / 420 \\
                 Edsger W. Dijkstra \\
                 6.4 Proof of Correctness of Data Representations / 423
                 \\
                 C. A. R. Hoare \\
                 6.5 On the Criteria to be Used in Decomposing Systems /
                 433 \\
                 into Modules \\
                 David L. Parnas \\
                 6.6 A Rational Design Process: How and Why to Fake It /
                 442 \\
                 David L. Parnas and Paul C. Clements \\
                 6.7 Global Variables Considered Harmful / 452 \\
                 W. Wulf and M. Shaw \\
                 Section 7. Databases \\
                 7.1 The Theory of Joins in Relational Databases / 460
                 \\
                 A. V. Aho, C. Beeri, and J. D. Ullman \\
                 7.2 Organization and Maintenance of Large Ordered
                 Indexes / 478 \\
                 R. Bayer and E. McCreight \\
                 7.3 The Entity Relationship Model --- Toward A Unified
                 View of Data / 494 \\
                 Peter Pin-Shan Chen \\
                 7.4 A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data
                 Banks / 519 \\
                 E. F. Codd \\
                 Section 8. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics \\
                 8.1 Steps Toward Artificial Intelligence / 541 \\
                 Marvin L. Minsky \\
                 8.2 Matter, Mind, and Models / 580 \\
                 Marvin L. Minsky \\
                 8.3 Fusion, Propagation, and Structuring in Belief
                 Networks / 586 \\
                 Judea Pearl \\
                 8.4 Computing Machinery and intelligence / 628 \\
                 A. M. Turing \\
                 Section 9. Human-Computer Communications \\
                 9.1 Programming Considered as a Human Activity / 648
                 \\
                 Edsger W. Dijkstra \\
                 Section 10. History \\
                 10.1 Programming in America in the 1950s --- Some
                 Personal Impressions / 665 \\
                 John Backus \\
                 10.2 The Evolution of Data-Base Management Systems /
                 663 \\
                 James P. Fry and Edgar H. Sibley \\
                 10.3 The Evolution of the UNIX Time-Sharing System /
                 707 \\
                 Dennis M. Ritchie",
}

@Book{Shasha:1998:TML,
  editor =       "Dennis Shasha and Cathy Lazere",
  booktitle =    "Out of Their Minds: The Lives and Discoveries of 15
                 Great Computer Scientists",
  title =        "Out of Their Minds: The Lives and Discoveries of 15
                 Great Computer Scientists",
  publisher =    pub-SV,
  address =      pub-SV:adr,
  pages =        "xi + 293",
  year =         "1998",
  ISBN =         "0-387-98269-8",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-387-98269-4",
  LCCN =         "QA76.2.A2 S53 1998",
  bibdate =      "Wed Mar 14 09:08:25 2001",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/master.bib",
  price =        "US\$16.00",
  abstract =     "\booktitle{Out of Their Minds} profiles 15 of the
                 planet's foremost computer scientists, including eight
                 winners of the Turing Award, computing's Nobel Prize.
                 Based on recent interviews, the scientists are revealed
                 in fascinating anecdotes about their early inspirations
                 and influences, contributions, and thoughts on the
                 field's explosive future.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Alan Kay; Burton Smith; Danny Hillis; Donald Knuth;
                 Doug Lenat; Edsger Dijkstra; Edward Feigenbaum; Fred
                 Brooks; John Backus; John McCarthy; Leonid Levin;
                 Leslie Lamport; Michael Rabin; Robert Tarjan; Steve
                 Cook",
  libnote =      "Not yet in my library.",
  tableofcontents = "Linguists, how to talk to machines \\
                 Restless inventor / John Backus \\
                 Uncommon logician of common sense / John McCarthy \\
                 Clear romantic vision / Alan C. Kay \\
                 Algorithmists, how to solve problems fast \\
                 Appalling prose and the shortest path / Edsger W.
                 Dijkstra \\
                 Possibilities of chance / Michael O. Rabin \\
                 Boundless interests, a common thread / Donald E. Knuth
                 \\
                 In search of good structure / Robert E. Tarjan \\
                 Of time, space, and computation / Leslie Lamport \\
                 Good solution is hard to find / Stephen Cook and Leonid
                 Levin \\
                 Architects, how to build better machines \\
                 Delight in making things work / Frederick P. Brooks,
                 Jr. \\
                 Racing with the speed of light / Burton J. Smith \\
                 Biological connection / W. Daniel Hillis \\
                 Sculptors of machine intelligence, how to make machines
                 smart \\
                 Power of knowledge / Edward A. Feigenbaum \\
                 Twenty-year bet / Douglas B. Lenat \\
                 Epilogue: Secrets of success? \\
                 Postscript: Next 25 years \\
                 Glossary",
}