%%% -*-BibTeX-*- %%% ==================================================================== %%% BibTeX-file{ %%% author-1 = "Nelson H. F. Beebe", %%% author-2 = "Paul McJones", %%% version = "1.04", %%% date = "16 June 2026", %%% time = "10:04:28 MDT", %%% filename = "backus-john-w.bib", %%% address-1 = "University of Utah %%% Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB %%% 155 S 1400 E RM 233 %%% Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 %%% USA", %%% address-2 = "Computer History Museum %%% Mountain View, CA %%% USA", %%% telephone-1 = "+1 801 581 5254", %%% URL = "https://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe", %%% checksum = "52804 7684 37560 386238", %%% email-1 = "beebe at math.utah.edu, beebe at acm.org, %%% beebe at computer.org (Internet)", %%% email-2 = "paul at mcjones.org, paul_mcjones at %%% acm.org", %%% codetable = "ISO/ASCII", %%% keywords = "Algol; bibliography; BibTeX; FL; FP; Fortran; %%% functional programming; IBM 701; IBM 704; IBM %%% 7030 Stretch; IBM Selective Sequence %%% Electronic Calculator (SSEC); John Warner %%% Backus; Speedcoding", %%% license = "public domain", %%% supported = "yes", %%% docstring = "This is a bibliography of the works of %%% computer scientist John Warner Backus (3 %%% December 1924--17 March 2007), and %%% publications by others about him and his %%% works. %%% %%% This bibliography consists of three parts: %%% %%% Part 1: Publications by John Backus; %%% %%% Part 2: Publications by others about John %%% Backus and his works; %%% %%% Part 3: Publications by others about the %%% FL and FP functional programming %%% languages. %%% %%% Paul McJones, the co-author of this %%% bibliography, had the privilege of working %%% with John Backus at the IBM Research %%% Laboratory on Cottle Road, San Jose, CA, USA, %%% from March 1974 to June 1975, and provided %%% valuable insights and historical knowledge %%% that significantly enhanced the literature %%% coverage recorded in this bibliography. %%% %%% John Backus was born in Philadephia, PA, USA. %%% He began his university studies at the %%% University of Virginia in 1942, but left %%% after a year and entered the US Army during %%% World War II. During his Army time, he had %%% stints at the University of Pittsburgh and %%% Haverford College, and a medical school in %%% New York City. He left the Army in 1946, %%% moved to New York City to train as a radio %%% technician, became interested in mathematics, %%% and entered Columbia University, where he %%% earned a Bachelor's degree in 1949, and a %%% Master's degree in 1950. He joined IBM in %%% September 1950 (shortly before completing his %%% Master's degree), and worked on the %%% one-of-a-kind electro-mechanical Selective %%% Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) in New %%% York City [at Madison Avenue and 57th Street, %%% three blocks from the southeast corner of %%% Central Park], and developed the Speedcoding %%% calculator language for the IBM 701 (entry %%% Backus:1954:ISS). %%% %%% In early 1954 (see entry Y:1977:JBF), John %%% Backus started a team at IBM to develop a new %%% high-level programming language for the IBM %%% 704: FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation). The IBM %%% 704 was IBM's first machine with magnetic %%% core memory, and encouraged by Backus, the %%% first with hardware floating-point arithmetic %%% and instruction indexing (entries %%% IBM:1954:SIM and Y:1977:JBF). It was also the %%% first big computer that IBM made a profit on %%% (entry Saphire:1967:IJB). %%% %%% The first FORTRAN compiler was released in %%% 1956, and within a few years, other major %%% computer vendors offered FORTRAN compilers %%% too. That made FORTRAN the programming %%% language of choice for engineering and %%% scientific computing, and largely eliminated %%% the use of machine-dependent assembly %%% language in those areas. The wide %%% availability of FORTRAN in the computer %%% market gave it a strong advantage over other %%% programming languages that were often %%% restricted to machines from a single vendor. %%% %%% John Backus corrects, and clarifies, some of %%% the early history of the development of %%% FORTRAN, and assigns credit to team members, %%% in entry Backus:1980:PAS. %%% %%% After early versions referred to as FORTRAN I %%% and II, FORTRAN has been formally defined in %%% numerous multiple ANSI and ISO Standards from %%% 1966 to 2026, and has an extension called %%% High Performance Fortran. The versions of %%% 1966, 1977, 1990, and 1995 were particularly %%% noteworthy, with compilers named f77, f90, %%% and f95, or variants thereof. %%% %%% FORTRAN remains a key language in %%% high-performance computing, and the LINPACK %%% matrix and vector operations benchmark has %%% long been used to compare large computers, %%% and rate them in a annually updated list %%% called the TOP 500. On the vector %%% supercomputers of the 1970s and 1980s, %%% FORTRAN was often the only programming %%% language offered by the vendors (CDC, Convex, %%% Cray, Fujitsu, Hitachi, IBM, NEC, ...). %%% %%% FORTRAN is supported (as is C and C++) by the %%% OpenMP system, which uses special directives %%% in comments to guide compilers about which %%% portions of the code are preferred for %%% automatic parallel and/or vector optimization %%% on a single machine. %%% %%% FORTRAN is also supported by the PVM %%% (Parallel Virtual Machine) and MPI (Message %%% Passing Interface) systems that require %%% explicit programmed management of processes %%% running across multiple distributed machines. %%% %%% The scale of such computations can be %%% enormous: at a supercomputing conference a %%% few years ago, one of the bibliographers %%% attended a talk on a computer simulation of %%% the evolution of the Universe, where the %%% speaker reported that the computation had %%% used two million CPU years of computer time, %%% spread across millions of processors. %%% %%% Not long after the FORTRAN compiler was %%% completed, John Backus joined the American %%% side of the team that produced Algol 58 and %%% Algol 60. During the development of the %%% former, he created a useful description of %%% its syntax, known as Backus Normal Form %%% (BNF), that made it easier to write reliable %%% parsers for the language. Later, Peter Naur %%% at Regnecentralen in Copenhagen, Denmark, %%% improved the notation, and at the suggestion %%% of Donald Knuth in 1964 (entry %%% Knuth:1964:LEB), BNF now is often interpreted %%% as Backus--Naur Form. %%% %%% BNF was so important for writing compilers %%% for many different programming languages that %%% John Backus received the ACM Turing Award in %%% 1977, and Peter Naur was honored with it in %%% 2005. %%% %%% After his work on Algol, John Backus %%% developed a functional programming language, %%% called Red (for Reduction language), that was %%% influenced by Ken Iverson's APL (A %%% Programming Language). APL requires a %%% special character set that makes it largely %%% unintelligible for programmers used to the %%% notations of FORTRAN and Algol. While it had %%% a modest user community, perhaps because it %%% was generally available as an interpreter on %%% timesharing systems, it never became a %%% mainstream programming language. Red was %%% latter renamed FP, and was followed by FL, %%% but FL never left IBM (see entry %%% Aiken:1994:FPD). %%% %%% John Backus gave his Turing Award lecture %%% about those languages, with the title ``Can %%% Programming be Liberated from the von Neumann %%% Style?'' (entry Backus:1978:CPL). %%% %%% After 41 years of service, John Backus %%% retired from IBM in 1991. During his %%% professional life, he became one of the first %%% IBM Fellows (1963), received the McDowell %%% Award (1967) and the National Medal of %%% Science (1975), became a Fellow of the %%% American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1985), %%% and won the Charles Stark Draper Prize (1993) %%% (the highest honor of the National Academy of %%% Engineering (NAE), entries Anonymous:1994:AJB %%% and Lewin:1994:FDR), and the Computer History %%% Museum Fellow Award (1997) (entry %%% Anonymous:2010:JBF). %%% %%% At IBM, being a Fellow originally meant a %%% year free of other duties for independent %%% research, with some corporate staff support. %%% For John Backus, it was extended to two %%% years, and then made a lifetime benefit. %%% Thus, after his early work on Speedcoding, %%% Fortran, and Algol, he focused mainly on %%% functional programming for most of his %%% remaining career at IBM, a period of another %%% 28 years. %%% %%% At version 1.04, the year coverage looked %%% like this: %%% %%% 1943 ( 1) 1971 ( 1) 1999 ( 1) %%% 1944 ( 0) 1972 ( 4) 2000 ( 2) %%% 1945 ( 0) 1973 ( 6) 2001 ( 0) %%% 1946 ( 0) 1974 ( 2) 2002 ( 0) %%% 1947 ( 0) 1975 ( 5) 2003 ( 2) %%% 1948 ( 0) 1976 ( 1) 2004 ( 2) %%% 1949 ( 0) 1977 ( 1) 2005 ( 0) %%% 1950 ( 0) 1978 ( 7) 2006 ( 2) %%% 1951 ( 0) 1979 ( 4) 2007 ( 3) %%% 1952 ( 0) 1980 ( 6) 2008 ( 1) %%% 1953 ( 1) 1981 ( 11) 2009 ( 0) %%% 1954 ( 6) 1982 ( 5) 2010 ( 2) %%% 1955 ( 1) 1983 ( 3) 2011 ( 1) %%% 1956 ( 2) 1984 ( 2) 2012 ( 0) %%% 1957 ( 2) 1985 ( 4) 2013 ( 0) %%% 1958 ( 2) 1986 ( 5) 2014 ( 0) %%% 1959 ( 3) 1987 ( 16) 2015 ( 0) %%% 1960 ( 6) 1988 ( 2) 2016 ( 1) %%% 1961 ( 3) 1989 ( 6) 2017 ( 1) %%% 1962 ( 7) 1990 ( 6) 2018 ( 0) %%% 1963 ( 4) 1991 ( 3) 2019 ( 0) %%% 1964 ( 3) 1992 ( 2) 2020 ( 0) %%% 1965 ( 2) 1993 ( 5) 2021 ( 0) %%% 1966 ( 5) 1994 ( 4) 2022 ( 4) %%% 1967 ( 2) 1995 ( 3) 2023 ( 0) %%% 1968 ( 1) 1996 ( 2) 2024 ( 1) %%% 1969 ( 1) 1997 ( 4) %%% 1970 ( 1) 1998 ( 5) %%% 20xx ( 2) %%% %%% Article: 76 %%% Book: 36 %%% InBook: 1 %%% InCollection: 6 %%% InProceedings: 28 %%% Manual: 5 %%% Misc: 20 %%% Proceedings: 8 %%% TechReport: 19 %%% Unpublished: 4 %%% %%% Total entries: 203 %%% %%% Web sites and resources about John W. Backus, %%% Algol, and Fortran, include at least these: %%% %%% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL %%% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programming_language) %%% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_History_Museum %%% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Backus %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol-bulletin.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran-forum.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran2.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/hpfortran.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/pvm.bib %%% %%% The BibNet Project includes bibliographies of %%% several members of the Algol teams, and other %%% researchers who promoted the use of Algol: %%% %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/f/forsythe-george-elmer.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/h/hoare-c-a-r.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/h/householder-alston-s.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/o/olver-frank-w-j.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/perlis-alan-j.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/reinsch-christian-h.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/stiefel-eduard.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wilkes-maurice-v.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wilkinson-james-hardy.bib %%% https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wirth-niklaus.bib %%% %%% The checksum field above contains a CRC-16 %%% checksum as the first value, followed by the %%% equivalent of the standard UNIX wc (word %%% count) utility output of lines, words, and %%% characters. This is produced by Robert %%% Solovay's checksum utility.",% %% } %%% ==================================================================== @Preamble{ "\ifx \undefined \booktitle \def \booktitle #1{{{\em #1}}} \fi" # "\ifx \undefined \operatorname \def \operatorname #1{{\rm #1}} \fi" } %%% ==================================================================== %%% Acknowledgement abbreviations: @String{ack-nhfb = "Nelson H. F. Beebe, University of Utah, Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB, 155 S 1400 E RM 233, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090, USA, Tel: +1 801 581 5254, e-mail: \path|beebe@math.utah.edu|, \path|beebe@acm.org|, \path|beebe@computer.org| (Internet), URL: \path|https://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/|"} @String{ack-pm = "Paul McJones, Computer History Museum, Mountain View, CA, USA"} %%% ==================================================================== %%% Journal abbreviations: @String{j-AM-J-MATH = "American Journal of Mathematics"} @String{j-ANN-HIST-COMPUT = "Annals of the History of Computing"} @String{j-ANNU-REV-AUTOM-PROGRAM = "Annual Review in Automatic Programming"} @String{j-BIOMETRISCHE-Z = "Biometrische Zeitschrift"} @String{j-BYTE = "Byte Magazine"} @String{j-CACM = "Communications of the ACM"} @String{j-COMP-AUTO = "Computers and Automation"} @String{j-COMP-J = "The Computer Journal"} @String{j-COMP-LANGS = "Computer Languages"} @String{j-COMP-SURV = "ACM Computing Surveys"} @String{j-COMPUT-PHYS = "Computers in Physics"} @String{j-COMPUTING = "Computing"} @String{j-DATAMATION = "Datamation"} @String{j-ELEKTRON-DATENVERARB = "{Elektronische Datenverarbeitung}"} @String{j-FORM-ASP-COMPUT = "Formal Aspects of Computing"} @String{j-FORTRAN-FORUM = "ACM SIGPLAN FORTRAN Forum"} @String{j-IBM-JRD = "IBM Journal of Research and Development"} @String{j-IEEE-ANN-HIST-COMPUT = "IEEE Annals of the History of Computing"} @String{j-IEEE-SPECTRUM = "IEEE Spectrum"} @String{j-IEEE-TRANS-ELEC-COMPUT = "IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers"} @String{j-INF-COMPUT = "Information and Computation"} @String{j-INT-J-PARALLEL-PROG = "International Journal of Parallel Programming"} @String{j-J-ACM = "Journal of the ACM"} @String{j-J-COMPUT-PHYS = "Journal of Computational Physics"} @String{j-J-SYMBOLIC-LOGIC = "Journal of Symbolic Logic"} @String{j-J-SYST-SOFTW = "The Journal of Systems and Software"} @String{j-LOGIN = ";login: the USENIX Association newsletter"} @String{j-NATURE = "Nature"} @String{j-NORDISK-TIDSKR-INFORM-BEHAND = "Nordisk tidskrift for informationsbehandling"} @String{j-NUM-MATH = "{Numerische Mathematik}"} @String{j-SCI-COMPUT-PROGRAM = "Science of Computer Programming"} @String{j-SCI-PROG = "Scientific Programming"} @String{j-SIAM-NEWS = "SIAM News"} @String{j-SIGCSE = "SIGCSE Bulletin (ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Science Education)"} @String{j-SIGPLAN = "ACM SIG{\-}PLAN Notices"} @String{j-THEOR-COMP-SCI = "Theoretical Computer Science"} @String{j-TOPLAS = "ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems"} %%% ==================================================================== %%% Publisher abbreviations: @String{pub-ACADEMIC = "Academic Press"} @String{pub-ACADEMIC:adr = "New York, USA"} @String{pub-ACM = "ACM Press"} @String{pub-ACM:adr = "New York, NY 10036, USA"} @String{pub-AKADEMIE-VERLAG = "Akademie-Verlag"} @String{pub-AKADEMIE-VERLAG:adr = "Berlin, Germany"} @String{pub-ANSI = "American National Standards Institute"} @String{pub-ANSI:adr = "1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA"} @String{pub-AW = "Ad{\-d}i{\-s}on-Wes{\-l}ey"} @String{pub-AW:adr = "Reading, MA, USA"} @String{pub-BIRKHAUSER-BOSTON = "Birkh{\"a}user Boston Inc."} @String{pub-BIRKHAUSER-BOSTON:adr = "Cambridge, MA, USA"} @String{pub-CAMBRIDGE = "Cambridge University Press"} @String{pub-CAMBRIDGE:adr = "Cambridge, UK"} @String{pub-CSLI = "CSLI Publications"} @String{pub-CSLI:adr = "Stanford, CA, USA"} @String{pub-GLOBAL-ENG = "Global Engineering Documents"} @String{pub-GLOBAL-ENG:adr = "Washington, DC, USA"} @String{pub-GREENWOOD = "Greenwood Press"} @String{pub-GREENWOOD:adr = "88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881, USA"} @String{pub-HMSO = "Her Majesty's Stationery Office"} @String{pub-HMSO:adr = "London, UK"} @String{pub-IBM = "IBM Corporation"} @String{pub-IBM:adr = "New York, NY, USA"} @String{pub-IEEE = "IEEE Computer Society Press"} @String{pub-IEEE:adr = "1109 Spring Street, Suite 300, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"} @String{pub-IRE = "Institute of Radio Engineers"} @String{pub-IRE:adr = "1 East 79th Street, New York 21, NY, USA"} @String{pub-ISO = "International Organization for Standardization"} @String{pub-ISO:adr = "Geneva, Switzerland"} @String{pub-MCGRAW-HILL = "Mc{\-}Graw-Hill"} @String{pub-MCGRAW-HILL:adr = "New York, NY, USA"} @String{pub-MIT = "MIT Press"} @String{pub-MIT:adr = "Cambridge, MA, USA"} @String{pub-NORTH-HOLLAND = "North-Hol{\-}land"} @String{pub-NORTH-HOLLAND:adr = "Amsterdam, The Netherlands"} @String{pub-PERGAMON = "Pergamon"} @String{pub-PERGAMON:adr = "New York, NY, USA and Oxford, UK"} @String{pub-PH = "Pren{\-}tice-Hall"} @String{pub-PH:adr = "Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458, USA"} @String{pub-OLDENBOURG = "R. Oldenbourg"} @String{pub-OLDENBOURG:adr = "M{\"u}nchen, Germany"} @String{pub-SV = "Springer-Verlag"} @String{pub-SV:adr = "Berlin, Germany~/ Heidelberg, Germany~/ London, UK~/ etc."} %%% ==================================================================== %%% Series abbreviations: @String{ser-LNCS = "Lecture Notes in Computer Science"} %%% ==================================================================== %%% Part 1 (of 3): publications by John Warner Backus %%% %%% Bibliography entries, sorted by year and then by citation label, %%% with ``bibsort -byyear'': @Manual{IBM:1953:ISS, author = "{IBM}", title = "{IBM Speedcoding} System for the {[IBM] Type 701}", organization = pub-IBM, address = pub-IBM:adr, month = sep, year = "1953", bibdate = "Fri Jun 12 09:25:48 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", note = "Likely written by John Backus and his team.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @TechReport{Adams:1954:RAC, author = "C. W. Adams and J. W. Backus and J. W. {Carr, III} and Grace Murray {Hopper, Chair} and R. F. Osborn and G. W. Patterson and J. Svigals and J. Wegstein", title = "Report to the {Association for Computing Machinery}: First Glossary of Programming Terminology", type = "Report", institution = pub-ACM, address = pub-ACM:adr, pages = "ii + 25", day = "2", month = jun, year = "1954", bibdate = "Sat Jun 13 15:36:26 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", URL = "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Knuth_Don_X4100/PDF_index/k-8-pdf/k-8-u2741-2-ACM-Glossary.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @InProceedings{Backus:1954:ISO, author = "John W. Backus and Harlan Herrick", editor = "????", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Symposium on Automatic Programming for Digital Computers, {Navy Mathematical Computing Advisory Panel, 13--14 May 1954}", title = "{IBM 701 Speedcoding} and other automatic programming systems", publisher = "The Office of Naval Research", address = "Washington, DC, USA", pages = "106--113", month = may, year = "1954", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 15:24:50 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", URL = "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Fortran/102653983.05.01.acc.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Backus:1954:ISS, author = "J. W. Backus", title = "The {IBM 701 Speedcoding} System", journal = j-J-ACM, volume = "1", number = "1", pages = "4--6", month = jan, year = "1954", CODEN = "JACOAH", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/320764.320766", ISSN = "0004-5411 (print), 1557-735X (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0004-5411", bibdate = "Fri Nov 04 00:18:27 1994", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fparith.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/jacm.bib", URL = "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Fortran/102663108.05.01.acc.pdf", abstract = "The IBM 701 Speedcoding System is a set of instructions which causes the 701 to behave like a three-address floating point calculator. Let us call this the Speedcoding calculator. In addition to operating in floating point, this Speedcoding calculator has extremely convenient means for getting information into the machine and for printing results; it has an extensive set of operations to make the job of programming as easy as possible. Speedcoding also provides automatic address modification, flexible tracing, convenient use of auxiliary storage, and built-in checking.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, ajournal = "J. Assoc. Comput. Mach.", author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", fjournal = "Journal of the ACM", journal-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/loi/jacm", remark = "From the Computer History Museum: ``The 701 was a basic `von Neumann machine'', with only integer arithmetic and required instruction modification to access arrays. Backus designed the Speedcoding system: an interpretive language for a virtual machine with floating-point arithmetic and index registers.", } @Misc{Backus:1954:SDI, author = "John W. Backus and Gene Amdahl", title = "The System Design of the {IBM Type 704}", howpublished = "Talk given at an [unknown] ACM meeting", year = "1954", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 15:47:36 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", URL = "https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/FORTRAN/#By_others", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @TechReport{IBM:1954:SIM, author = "{IBM}", title = "Specifications for the {IBM Mathematical FORmula TRANSlating} System", type = "Preliminary Report", institution = "IBM Corp., Programming Research Group, Applied Sciences Division", address = "New York, NY, USA", day = "10", month = nov, year = "1954", bibdate = "Sat Jan 20 16:11:29 2001", bibsource = "http://www.nap.edu/books/0309052777/html/67.html; http://www8.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/html/lisp/histlit1.html; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib", URL = "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Fortran/102679231.05.01.acc.pdf; https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/FORTRAN/BackusEtAl-Preliminary%20Report-1954.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", remark-1 = "Paul McJones \cite{McJones:2017:SOF} in fortran3.bib reports: ``J. A. N. Lee's annotated bibliography in the Annals special issue says the authors were probably John W. Backus, Harlan Herrick, and Irving Ziller.'' He also reproduces the cover of this report, supplying the long-missing day and month now recorded here.", remark-2 = "From the Computer History Museum: ``For the 704, which began as a project to upgrade the 701, Backus advocated strongly that it include floating-point and index registers; they were incorporated. Backus wanted to further increase the productivity of programmers, especially engineers and scientists writing their own programs, so proposed the FORTRAN project; when the project was proposed, he staffed and led it.''", } @TechReport{Backus:1955:CSD, author = "John W. Backus", title = "Computer System Design and {ANS} Control Techniques", type = "Report", institution = pub-IBM, address = pub-IBM:adr, pages = "24", day = "26", month = oct, year = "1955", bibdate = "Sat Jun 13 15:24:58 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", URL = "https://mark.people.clemson.edu/Backus-Computer_System_Design_and_ANS_Control_Techniques-1955_10_26.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", keywords = "IBM 7030 Stretch", } @Book{Backus:1956:FAC, author = "J. W. Backus and R. J. Beeber and S. Best and R. Goldberg and H. L. Herrick and R. A. Hughes and L. B. Mitchell and R. A. Nelson and R. Nutt and D. Sayre and P. B. Sheridan and H. Stern and I. Ziller", title = "The {Fortran} Automatic Coding System for the {IBM 704 EDPM}: Programmer's Reference Manual", publisher = "Applied Science Division and Programming Research Department, International Business Machines Corporation", address = "New York, NY, USA", pages = "51", day = "15", month = oct, year = "1956", LCCN = "????", bibdate = "Sat Jan 14 14:44:35 2006", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib", URL = "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Fortran/102649787.05.01.acc.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", remark = "Apparently assigned form number 32-7026 after printing.", } @InProceedings{Backus:1957:FAC, author = "J. W. Backus and R. J. Beeber and S. Best and R. Goldberg and L. M. Haibt and H. L. Herrick and R. A. Nelson and D. Sayre and P. B. Sheridan and H. Stern and I. Ziller and R. A. Hughes and R. Nutt", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Western Joint Computer Conference, February 26--28, 1957, Los Angeles, {CA}, {USA}", title = "The {FORTRAN} automatic coding system", publisher = pub-IRE, address = pub-IRE:adr, pages = "188--198", year = "1957", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/1455567.1455599", ISSN = "0449-1173", LCCN = "TK7885.A1 J6", bibdate = "Fri Jan 19 11:47:30 2001", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib", note = "The online edition of the Oxford English Dictionary cites this as the second earliest mention of the name FORTRAN, with the extract ``The programmer attended a one-day course on FORTRAN and \ldots{} then programmed the job in four hours using 47 FORTRAN statements.''", URL = "http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/704/FORTRAN_paper_1957.pdf; https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Fortran/102663113.05.01.acc.pdf; https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/FORTRAN/#By_FORTRAN_project_members", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-1-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY, USA", author-10-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY, USA", author-11-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY, USA", author-12-adr = "Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, CA, USA", author-13-adr = "United Aircraft Corp., East Hartford, CT, USA", author-2-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY, USA", author-3-adr = "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Computation Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA", author-4-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY, USA", author-5-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY, USA", author-6-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY, USA", author-7-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY, USA", author-8-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY, USA", author-9-adr = "International Business Machines Corp., New York, NY, USA", author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", note-2 = "The article begins: ``The FORTRAN project was begun in the summer of 1954. Its purpose was to reduce by a large factor the task of preparing scientific problems for IBM's next large computer, the 704. If it were possible for the 704 to code problems for itself and produce as good programs as human codes (but without the errors), it was clear that large benefits could be achieved. For it was known that about two-thirds of the cost of solving most scientific and engineering problems on large computers was that of problem preparation. Furthermore, more than 90 percent of the elapsed time for a problem was usually devoted to planning, writing, and debugging the program. In many cases the development of a general plan for solving a problem was a small job in comparison to the task of devising and coding machine procedures to carry out the plan. The goal of the FORTRAN project was to enable the programmer to specify a numerical procedure using a concise language like that of mathematics and obtain automatically from this specification an efficient 704 program to carry out the procedure. It was expected that such a system would reduce the coding and debugging task to less than one-fifth of the job it had been.\par Two and one-half years and 18 man years have elapsed since the beginning of the project. The FORTRAN system is now complete. It has two components: the FORTRAN language, in which programs are written, and the translator or executive routine for the 704 which effects the translation of FORTRAN language programs into 704 programs. Descriptions of the FORTRAN language and the translator form the principal sections of this paper.''", note-3 = "The IBM 704 had 86 instructions, a 36-bit word, signed-magnitude number representation, and a 15-bit word-addressed memory space (32768 words, or 191K 6-bit characters). Floating-point was {\em standard}, not optional. 4K-, 8K- and 32K-word systems were sold, but memory was treated cyclically, so programs compiled for one memory size could not run on a system with a different memory capacity. The machine was announced in 1954, and delivered in late 1955. From 1955 to 1960, 123 machines were delivered. [From Gerrit A. Blaauw and Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., {\em Computer architecture: concepts and evolution}, Addison-Wesley (1997), ISBN 0-201-10557-8, pp. 624ff.].", } @InProceedings{Backus:1958:APP, author = "J. W. Backus", editor = "????", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Symposium on the Mechanisation of Thought Processes, {Teddington, Middlesex, England, The National Physical Laboratory, November 1958}", title = "Automatic programming: properties and performance of {FORTRAN} systems {I} and {II}", publisher = pub-HMSO, address = pub-HMSO:adr, pages = "232--255", year = "1958", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 17:04:21 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", URL = "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Fortran/102663114.05.01.acc.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Misc{Backus:1958:PPL, author = "J. W. Backus and P. H. Diselets and D. C. Evans and R. Goodman and H. Huskey and C. Katz and J. McCarthy and A. Orden and A. J. Perlis and R. Rich and S. Rosen and W. Turanski and J. Wegstein", title = "Proposal for A Programming Language", pages = "20", howpublished = "ACM Ad Hoc Committee on Languages report", year = "1958", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 15:51:02 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", URL = "https://datamuseum.dk/bits/30009315; https://datamuseum.dk/wiki/Bits:30009315; https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/ALGOL/report/ACM_ALGOL_Proposal_1958.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @InProceedings{Backus:1959:SSP, author = "J. W. Backus", editor = "????", booktitle = "Information Processing: Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Processing", title = "The Syntax and Semantics of the Proposed {International Algebraic Language} of the {Zurich ACM-GAMM Conference}", publisher = pub-OLDENBOURG, address = pub-OLDENBOURG:adr, pages = "125--132", year = "1959", bibdate = "Tue May 19 16:59:41 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", URL = "https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/ALGOL/paper/Backus-ICIP-1959.pdf; https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000153719", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Backus:1960:RALa, author = "J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz and J. McCarthy and P. {Naur, Editor} and A. J. Perlis and H. Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J. H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger", title = "Report on the algorithmic language {Algol 60}", journal = j-NUM-MATH, volume = "2", number = "1", pages = "106--136", month = dec, year = "1960", CODEN = "NUMMA7", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01386216", ISSN = "0029-599X (print), 0945-3245 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0029-599X", bibdate = "Mon Oct 18 10:06:00 MDT 1999", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/nummath.bib", URL = "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01386216", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "Adriaan ``Aad'' van Wijngaarden (2 November 1916--7 February 1987); Alan Jay Perlis (1 April 1922--7 February 1990); Bernard Vauquois (14 June 1929--30 September 1985); Charles Abraham Katz (7 July 1927--9 May 1974); Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10 November 1970); John McCarthy (4 September 1927--24 October 2011); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Joseph Henry Wegstein (7 April 1922--16 August 1985); Julien Green (????--????); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May-1980); Michael Woodger (28 March 1923--14 July 2025); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", fjournal = "Numerische Mathematik", journal-URL = "http://link.springer.com/journal/211", language = "German", remark = "Also translated in Russian in 1960 by the Computational Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.", } @Article{Backus:1960:RALb, author = "J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz and J. McCarthy and P. {Naur, Editor} and A. J. Perlis and H. Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J. H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger", title = "Report on the algorithmic language {Algol 60}", journal = "Acta Polytechnica Scandinavica: Mathematics and Computing Machinery Series", number = "5", pages = "1--39", month = "????", year = "1960", CODEN = "APSMAT", ISSN = "0355-2713", bibdate = "Tue May 14 17:29:22 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/perlis-alan-j.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", URL = "https://web.archive.org/web/20191029151524id_/http://web.eah-jena.de/%7Ekleine/history/languages/Algol60-Naur.pdf", abstract = "The report gives a complete defining description of the international algorithmic language ALGOL 60. This 1s a language suitable for expressing a large class of numerical processes 1n a form sufficiently concise for direct automatic translation into the language of programmed automatic computers.\par The introduction contains an account of the preparatory work leading up to the final conference, where the language was defined. In addition the notions reference language, publication language, and hardware representations, are explained.\par In the first chapter a survey of the basic constituents and features of the language is given, and the formal notation, by which the syntactic structure is defined, is explained.\par The second chapter lists all the basic symbols, and the syntactic units known as identifiers, numbers, and strings, are defined. Further some important notions such as quantity and value are defined,\par The third chapter explains the rules for forming expressions and the meaning of these expressions. Three different types of expressions exist: arithmetic, Boolean (logical), and designational,\par The fourth chapter describes the operational units of the language, known as statements. The basic statements are: assignment statements (evaluation of a formula), go to statements (explicit break of the sequence of execution of statements), dummy statements, and procedure statements (call for execution of a closed process, defined by a procedure declaration). The formation of more complex structures, having statement character, 1s explained. These include: conditional statements, for statements compound statements, and blocks.\par In the fifth chapter the units known as declarations, serving for defining permanent properties of the units entering into a process described in the language are defined.\par The report ends with two detailed examples of the use of the language and an alphabetic index of definitions,", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, ajournal = "Acta Polytech. Scand., Math. Comput. Mach. Ser.", author-dates = "Adriaan ``Aad'' van Wijngaarden (2 November 1916--7 February 1987); Alan Jay Perlis (1 April 1922--7 February 1990); Bernard Vauquois (14 June 1929--30 September 1985); Charles Abraham Katz (7 July 1927--9 May 1974); Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10 November 1970); John McCarthy (4 September 1927--24 October 2011); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Joseph Henry Wegstein (7 April 1922--16 August 1985); Julien Green (????--????); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May-1980); Michael Woodger (28 March 1923--14 July 2025); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", journal-URL = "????", pdfpages = "39", } @InProceedings{Backus:1960:SSP, author = "J. W. Backus", title = "The Syntax and Semantics of the {Proposed International Algebraic} Language of the {Zurich ACM-GAMM} Conference", crossref = "Anonymous:1960:ICI", pages = "125--132", year = "1960", bibdate = "Fri Jun 05 05:38:16 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Naur:1960:RALa, author = "Peter Naur and J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz and J. McCarthy and A. J. Perlis and H. Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J. H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger", title = "Report on the Algorithmic Language {ALGOL 60}", journal = j-CACM, volume = "3", number = "5", pages = "299--314", month = may, year = "1960", CODEN = "CACMA2", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/367236.367262", ISSN = "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0001-0782", MRclass = "68.00", MRnumber = "24\#B485", bibdate = "Fri Nov 25 18:19:26 MST 2005", bibsource = "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Compiler/reynolds.bib; http://www.acm.org/pubs/contents/journals/cacm/; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/perlis-alan-j.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1960.bib", note = "See letter \cite{Arden:1960:LPR}. Dedicated to the Memory of William Turanski [American group member who was killed by an automobile just prior to the January 1960 Conference].", URL = "https://web.archive.org/web/20171002221007id_/http://www.eah-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/Algol60-ACM.pdf", ZMID = "03145581", ZMnumber = "0089.12510", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "Adriaan ``Aad'' van Wijngaarden (2 November 1916--7 February 1987); Alan Jay Perlis (1 April 1922--7 February 1990); Bernard Vauquois (14 June 1929--30 September 1985); Charles Abraham Katz (7 July 1927--9 May 1974); Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10 November 1970); John McCarthy (4 September 1927--24 October 2011); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Joseph Henry Wegstein (7 April 1922--16 August 1985); Julien Green (????--????); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May-1980); Michael Woodger (28 March 1923--14 July 2025); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", checked = "15 July 1993", fjournal = "Communications of the ACM", journal-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm", keywords = "numerical analysis", remark = "Edsger Dijkstra's name does not appear in this document, but he was a committee member, and subsequently co-wrote the first working ALGOL 60 compiler \cite{Dijkstra:1961:AUX,Dijkstra:1962:OEA,KrusemanAretz:2003:DZA}.", ZMreviewer = "S. Gorn", } @Article{Backus:1961:ARA, author = "J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz and J. McCarthy and P. Naur and A. J. Perlis and H. Rutishauser and J. H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger", title = "Appendix: Report on the algorithmic language {ALGOL 60}", journal = j-ANNU-REV-AUTOM-PROGRAM, volume = "2", pages = "351--390", month = jan, year = "1961", CODEN = "ARVAAM", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0066-4138(61)80016-5", ISSN = "0066-4138 (print), 1878-545x (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0066-4138", bibdate = "Fri Jun 5 07:43:15 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/annu-rev-autom-program.bib", URL = "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0066413861800165", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", fjournal = "Annual Review in Automatic Programming", journal-URL = "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00664138", } @Article{Backus:1961:RAL, author = "J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz and J. McCarthy and P. Naur and A. J. Perlis and H. Rutishauser and J. H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger", title = "Report on the algorithmic language {ALGOL 60}", journal = "Acta Polytechnica Scandinavica. Mathematics and Computing Series", volume = "5", pages = "1--39", year = "1961 (??)", ISSN = "1456-9418", ISSN-L = "1456-9418", bibdate = "Fri Jun 05 07:47:32 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/perlis-alan-j.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", URL = "https://web.archive.org/web/20191029151524id_/http://web.eah-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/Algol60-Naur.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, ajournal = "Acta polytech. Scand., MA Math. comput. ser.", author-dates = "Adriaan ``Aad'' van Wijngaarden (2 November 1916--7 February 1987); Alan Jay Perlis (1 April 1922--7 February 1990); Bernard Vauquois (14 June 1929--30 September 1985); Charles Abraham Katz (7 July 1927--9 May 1974); Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10 November 1970); John McCarthy (4 September 1927--24 October 2011); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Joseph Henry Wegstein (7 April 1922--16 August 1985); Julien Green (????--????); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May-1980); Michael Woodger (28 March 1923--14 July 2025); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", remark = "Is there an online archive of this journal?? It may have ceased publication in 2002 (US Library of Congress record).", } @InBook{Backus:1962:RAL, author = "John W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz and J. McCarthy and P. {Naur (Editor)} and A. J. Perlis and H. Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J. H. Wegstein and A. Van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger", title = "Appendix: Report on the algorithmic language {ALGOL 60}", crossref = "Dijkstra:1962:PAR", pages = "74--114", year = "1962", bibdate = "Sat Jun 13 14:12:49 2026", bibsource = "fsz3950.oclc.org:210/WorldCat; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/perlis-alan-j.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "Adriaan ``Aad'' van Wijngaarden (2 November 1916--7 February 1987); Alan Jay Perlis (1 April 1922--7 February 1990); Bernard Vauquois (14 June 1929--30 September 1985); Charles Abraham Katz (7 July 1927--9 May 1974); Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10 November 1970); John McCarthy (4 September 1927--24 October 2011); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Joseph Henry Wegstein (7 April 1922--16 August 1985); Julien Green (????--????); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May-1980); Michael Woodger (28 March 1923--14 July 2025); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", } @Book{Naur:1962:BAS, author = "Peter Naur and J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz and J. McCarthy and A. J. Perlis and S. Ruti shauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J. H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger", title = "{Bericht {\"u}ber die algorithmische Sprache ALGOL 60}. ({German}) [{Report} on the {ALGOL 60} language]", publisher = pub-AKADEMIE-VERLAG, address = pub-AKADEMIE-VERLAG:adr, pages = "xi + 49", year = "1962", LCCN = "QA76.5 .N3515", bibdate = "Fri Aug 21 15:10:11 MDT 2020", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", note = "Zur Erinnerung an William Turanski (In memory of William Turanski).", series = "Elektronisches Rechnen und Regeln. Sonderband 1", ZMID = "03168131", ZMnumber = "0103.10802", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", keywords = "numerical analysis", language = "German", remark = "Based on an international conference held in Paris, Jan. 11--16, 1960.", } @Article{Backus:1963:BAS, author = "J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz and J. McCarthy and P. Naur and A. J. Perlis and Heinz Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J. H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger", title = "{Bericht {\"u}ber die Algorithmische Sprache ALGOL 60 (\booktitle{ALGOL Bulletin} Supplement No. 3). Zur Erinnerung an William Turanski. Herausgegeben von P. Naur}. ({German}) [{Report} on the Algorithmic Language {ALGOL 60} (\booktitle{ALGOL Bulletin} Supplement No. 3). {In} memory of {William Turanski}. {Edited} by {P. Naur}]", journal = j-ELEKTRON-DATENVERARB, volume = "2", number = "??", pages = "1--24", year = "1963", ISSN = "0374-3012", ISSN-L = "0374-3012", bibdate = "Fri Aug 21 15:10:11 MDT 2020", bibsource = "https://web.archive.org/web/20171002221201id_/http://www.eah-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/Algol60-Deutsch.pdf; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/perlis-alan-j.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", ZMID = "03177072", ZMnumber = "0108.30206", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, ajournal = "{Elektron. Datenverarb.}", author-dates = "Alan Jay Perlis (1 April 1922--7 February 1990); Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10 November 1970); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", fjournal = "Elektronische Datenverarbeitung", keywords = "numerical analysis", language = "German", ZBmath = "3177072", } @Article{Backus:1963:RRAa, author = "J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz and J. McCarthy and P. Naur and A. J. Perlis and H. Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J. H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger", title = "Revised report on the algorithmic language {ALGOL 60}", journal = j-COMP-J, volume = "5", number = "4", pages = "349--367", month = jan, year = "1963", CODEN = "CMPJA6", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/5.4.349", ISSN = "0010-4620 (print), 1460-2067 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0010-4620", bibdate = "Fri Sep 29 08:55:43 MDT 2000", bibsource = "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/4.toc; http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj.bib; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/perlis-alan-j.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj1960.bib", URL = "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/4/349.full.pdf+html; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/050349.sgm.abs.html; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/349.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/350.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/351.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/352.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/353.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/354.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/355.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/356.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/357.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/358.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/359.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/360.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/361.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/362.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/363.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/364.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/365.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/366.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_05/Issue_04/tiff/367.tif; https://datamuseum.dk/bits/30002299; https://standardpascaline.org/Algol60-RevisedReport.pdf; https://web.archive.org/web/20200214113425id_/http://web.eah-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/Algol60-RevisedReport.pdf", ZMID = "03179017", ZMnumber = "0109.35105", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "Alan Jay Perlis (1 April 1922--7 February 1990); Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10 November 1970); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", fjournal = "The Computer Journal", journal-URL = "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/", } @Article{Backus:1963:RRAb, author = "J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz and J. McCarthy and P. Naur and A. J. Perlis and H. Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J. H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger", title = "Revised report on the algorithmic language {ALGOL} 60", journal = j-NUM-MATH, volume = "4", pages = "420--453", month = dec, year = "1963", CODEN = "NUMMA7", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01386340", ISSN = "0029-599X (print), 0945-3245 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0029-599X", bibdate = "Sun Oct 17 16:12:48 MDT 1999", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/perlis-alan-j.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/nummath.bib", note = "Edited by Peter Naur. Dedicated to the memory of William Turanski.", URL = "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01386340", ZMID = "03179017", ZMnumber = "0109.35105", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "Alan Jay Perlis (1 April 1922--7 February 1990); Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10 November 1970); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", fjournal = "Numerische Mathematik", journal-URL = "http://link.springer.com/journal/211", } @Article{Naur:1963:RRA, author = "Peter Naur and J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz and J. McCarthy and A. J. Perlis and H. Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J. H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger and P. Nauer", title = "Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language {ALGOL 60}", journal = j-CACM, volume = "6", number = "1", pages = "1--17", month = jan, year = "1963", CODEN = "CACMA2", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/366193.366201", ISSN = "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0001-0782", bibdate = "Fri Nov 25 18:19:44 MST 2005", bibsource = "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Compiler/reynolds.bib; http://www.acm.org/pubs/contents/journals/cacm/; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1960.bib", note = "Dedicated to the memory of William Turanski.", ZMID = "03179017", ZMnumber = "0109.35105", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10 November 1970); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", fjournal = "Communications of the ACM", journal-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm", } @Article{Backus:1964:F, author = "J. W. Backus and W. P. Heising", title = "{Fortran}", journal = j-IEEE-TRANS-ELEC-COMPUT, volume = "EC-13", number = "4", pages = "382--385", month = aug, year = "1964", CODEN = "IEECA8", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1109/PGEC.1964.263818", ISSN = "0367-7508", ISSN-L = "0367-7508", bibdate = "Thu Jul 14 06:57:02 MDT 2011", bibsource = "Compiler/bevan.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ieeetranscomput.bib", URL = "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4038201", abstract = "The fundamental concepts of FORTRAN, the most widely used high-level, scientific programming language, are set forth and the significant characteristics are described in historical order from inception of FORTRAN in 1954 to the present time. The basic problem of how to get high quality programming from an-easy-to-write high-level language is emphasized.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, ajournal = "IEEE Trans. Electron. Comput.", author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", checked = "19940607", fjournal = "IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers", keywords = "Atmosphere; Computer industry; Computer languages; Data systems; FORTRAN; High level languages; Humans; Layout; Program processors; Programming profession; Scientific computing", refs = "3", source = "Main library", } @Book{Naur:1965:RRA, author = "P. Naur and J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz and J. McCarthy and P. Naur and A. J. Perlis and Heinz Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J. H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger", title = "Revised report on the algorithmic language {ALGOL-60}. ({Russian})", volume = "Moskau, Russia", publisher = "Verlag ``Mir''", pages = "80", year = "1965", bibdate = "Fri Aug 21 15:10:11 MDT 2020", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", ZMID = "03235679", ZMnumber = "0146.14701", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10 November 1970); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", keywords = "numerical analysis", language = "Russian", } @TechReport{Backus:1972:MRR, author = "John Backus", title = "Memorandum to recipients of {{\booktitle{Reduction languages and variable free programming}}}", type = "Report", number = "???", institution = "IBM Research Laboratory", address = "San Jose, CA, USA", pages = "3", day = "19", month = apr, year = "1972", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 16:18:15 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @TechReport{Backus:1972:RLV, author = "John Backus", title = "Reduction languages and variable-free programming", type = "Report", number = "RJ 1010", institution = "IBM Research Laboratory", address = "San Jose, CA, USA", pages = "111", day = "7", month = apr, year = "1972", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 16:18:15 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", note = "One-page errata issued on 8 May 1973", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Misc{Backus:1973:CNRa, author = "John W. Backus", title = "Class notes: {Red} languages", howpublished = "Notes.", pages = "6", day = "14", month = nov, year = "1973", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 16:23:58 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Misc{Backus:1973:CNRb, author = "John W. Backus", title = "Class notes: {Red} languages", howpublished = "Notes.", pages = "7", day = "21", month = nov, year = "1973", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 16:23:58 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @TechReport{Backus:1973:PLSa, author = "John Backus", title = "Programming language semantics and closed applicative languages", type = "Report", number = "RJ 1245", institution = "IBM Research Laboratory", address = "San Jose, CA, USA", pages = "38", day = "5", month = jul, year = "1973", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 16:18:15 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", note = "One-page errata issued on 17 July 1973 an 8 August 1973.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @InProceedings{Backus:1973:PLSb, author = "John W. Backus", editor = "Patrick C. Fischer and Jeffrey D. Ullman", booktitle = "Conference Record of the {ACM} Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, {Boston, Massachusetts, USA, October 1973}", title = "Programming Language Semantics and Closed Applicative Languages", publisher = pub-ACM, address = pub-ACM:adr, pages = "71--86", year = "1973", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/512927.512934", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 11:58:21 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", biburl = "https://dblp.org/rec/conf/popl/Backus73.bib", timestamp = "Tue Jun 16 10:04:28 2026", } @Article{Backus:1974:FLP, author = "John Backus", title = "Function level programs as mathematical objects", journal = j-SIGPLAN, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "1--10", month = apr, year = "1974", CODEN = "SINODQ", ISSN = "0362-1340 (print), 1523-2867 (print), 1558-1160 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0362-1340", bibdate = "Sun Dec 14 09:13:37 MST 2003", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/sigplan1970.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", fjournal = "ACM SIGPLAN Notices", journal-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/loi/sigplan", } @Misc{Backus:1975:CNIa, author = "John W. Backus", title = "Class notes, {III}: {Red} languages", howpublished = "Notes.", pages = "7", day = "30", month = apr, year = "1975", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 16:23:58 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Misc{Backus:1975:CNIb, author = "John W. Backus", title = "Class notes, {IV}: Defining {AA}; properties of {Red} languages (extended {Church--Rosser} property)", howpublished = "Notes.", pages = "5", day = "7", month = may, year = "1975", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 16:23:58 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Misc{Backus:1975:CNVa, author = "John W. Backus", title = "Class notes, {I}: A variable-free functional programming system, {FP}", howpublished = "Notes.", pages = "9", day = "19", month = feb, year = "1975", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 16:23:58 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Misc{Backus:1975:CNVb, author = "John W. Backus", title = "Class notes, {II}: Three definitions for transpose", howpublished = "Notes.", pages = "3", day = "7", month = mar, year = "1975", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 16:23:58 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Backus:1976:MRA, author = "J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Katz and J. McCarthy and P. Naur and A. J. Perlis and H. Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J. H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger and R. M. {De Morgan} and I. D. Hill and B. A. Wichmann", title = "Modified Report on the Algorithmic Language {ALGOL-60}", journal = j-COMP-J, volume = "19", number = "4", pages = "364--379", month = nov, year = "1976", CODEN = "CMPJA6", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/19.4.364", ISSN = "0010-4620 (print), 1460-2067 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0010-4620", MRclass = "68N01", bibdate = "Tue Dec 4 14:47:58 MST 2012", bibsource = "Compendex database; http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/4.toc; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj1970.bib; Misc/is.bib", URL = "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/4/364.full.pdf+html; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/364.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/365.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/366.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/367.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/368.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/369.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/370.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/371.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/372.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/373.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/374.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/375.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/376.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/377.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/378.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_19/Issue_04/tiff/379.tif", ZMID = "03529388", ZMnumber = "0338.68007", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10 November 1970); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", classcodes = "C6140D (High level languages)", classification = "723; 902", fjournal = "The Computer Journal", journal-URL = "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/", keywords = "ALGOL; ALGOL 60; algorithmic language; computer programming languages; standards", treatment = "G General Review; P Practical", } @Article{Backus:1978:CPL, author = "John Backus", title = "Can Programming Be Liberated From the {von Neumann} Style? {A} Functional Style and its Algebra of Programs", journal = j-CACM, volume = "21", number = "8", pages = "613--641", month = aug, year = "1978", CODEN = "CACMA2", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/359576.359579", ISSN = "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0001-0782", MRclass = "68A05", MRnumber = "520392", MRreviewer = "Leon\ Levy", bibdate = "Tue Jun 9 18:28:04 2026", bibsource = "Compendex database; ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Distributed/QLD/1978.bib; ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Parallel/par.misc.bib; http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/cacm/cacm21.html#Backus78; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/mirrors/ftp.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Compiler/bcp.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/acm-turing-awards.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1970.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib", note = "Reproduced in {\em Selected Reprints on Dataflow and Reduction Architectures}, ed. S. S. Thakkar, IEEE, 1987, pp. 215--243, and in {\em ACM Turing Award Lectures: The First Twenty Years}, ACM Press, 1987, pp. 63--130", URL = "http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs242/readings/backus.pdf", abstract = "Conventional programming languages are growing ever more enormous, but not stronger. Inherent defects at the most basic level cause them to be both fat and weak: their primitive word-at-a-time style of programming inherited from their common ancestor, the von Neumann computer; their division of programming into a world of expressions and a world of statements; their inability to effectively use powerful combining forms for building new programs from existing ones; and their lack of useful mathematical properties for reasoning about programs. An alternative functional style of programming is founded on the use of combining forms for creating programs. Functional programs deal with structured data, are often nonrepetitive and nonrecursive, are hierarchically constructed, do not name their arguments, and do not require the complex machinery of procedure declarations to become generally applicable. Combining forms can use high level programs to build still higher level ones in a style not possible in conventional languages.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, annote = "Conventional programming languages are growing ever more enormous, but not stronger. Inherent defects at the most basic level cause them to be both fat and weak: their primitive word-at-a-time style of programming inherited from their common ancestor - the von Neumann computer, their close coupling of semantics to state transitions, their division of programming into a world of expressions and a world of statements, their inability to effectively \ldots{}", author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", classcodes = "C6140 (Programming languages)", classification = "723", corpsource = "IMB Res. Lab., San Jose, CA, USA", descriptors = "Programming language; reliability; future outlook; von Neumann computer; applicative computing system", fjournal = "Communications of the ACM", journal-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm", journalabr = "Commun ACM", keywords = "4.29; 5.20; 5.24; 5.26; algebra of programs; applicative computing systems; combining forms; computer metatheory; conventional languages; CR categories: 4.20; functional style; grecommended91; Key words and phrases: functional programming; metacomposition; models of computing systems; program correctness; program termination; program transformation; programming languages; Rhighnam; structured data; theory ak; Turing Award Lecture; von Neuman style; von Neumann computers; von Neumann languages", oldlabel = "Backus78", remark = "This is the 1977 ACM Turing Award Lecture.", subject-dates = "John von Neumann (28 December 1903--8 February 1957)", treatment = "T Theoretical or Mathematical", XMLdata = "ftp://ftp.informatik.uni-trier.de/pub/users/Ley/bib/records.tar.gz#journals/cacm/Backus78", } @Article{Backus:1978:HFI, author = "John Backus", title = "The History of {FORTRAN I}, {II}, and {III}", journal = j-SIGPLAN, volume = "13", number = "8", pages = "165--180", month = aug, year = "1978", CODEN = "SINODQ", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/960118.808380", ISSN = "0362-1340 (print), 1523-2867 (print), 1558-1160 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0362-1340", bibdate = "Wed Jun 18 16:08:59 MDT 2008", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/master.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/sigplan1970.bib", abstract = "Before 1954 almost all programming was done in machine language or assembly language. Programmers rightly regarded their work as a complex, creative art that required human inventiveness to produce an efficient program. Much of their effort was devoted to overcoming the difficulties created by the computers of that era: the lack of index registers, the lack of built- in floating point operations, restricted instruction sets (which might have AND but not OR, for example), and primitive input- output arrangements. Given the nature of computers, the services which ``automatic programming'' performed for the programmer were concerned with overcoming the machine's shortcomings. Thus the primary concern of some ``automatic programming'' systems was to allow the use of symbolic addresses and decimal numbers (e.g., the MIDAC Input Translation Program [Brown and Carr 1954]). But most of the larger ``automatic. Programming'' systems (with the exception of Laning and Zierler's algebraic system [Laning and Zierler 1954] and the A-2 compiler [Remington Rand 1953; Moser 1954]) simply provided a synthetic ``computer'' with an order code different from that of the real machine. This synthetic computer usually had floating point instructions and index registers and had improved input-output commands; it was therefore much easier to program than its real counterpart.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", classification = "C6140D (High level languages)", conflocation = "Los Angeles, CA, USA; 1-3 June 1978", conftitle = "ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages Conference", corpsource = "IBM Res. Lab., San Jose, CA, USA", fjournal = "ACM SIGPLAN Notices", journal-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/loi/sigplan", keywords = "FORTRAN; FORTRAN I; FORTRAN II; FORTRAN III; history; languages", review = "ACM CR 39172", subject = "D.3 Software, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, Language Classifications \\ K.2 Computing Milieux, HISTORY OF COMPUTING, FORTRAN \\ K.2 Computing Milieux, HISTORY OF COMPUTING, Software", treatment = "G General Review", } @Unpublished{Backus:1979:ECP, author = "John W. Backus", title = "On extending the concept of program and solving linear functional equations", month = aug, year = "1979", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 16:39:17 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", note = "Draft paper distributed at Summer Workshop on Programming Methodology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA. A revised version was later published \cite{Backus:1981:AFP}.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Unpublished{Backus:1979:GAT, author = "John W. Backus", title = "This guy's arrogance takes your breath away", year = "1979", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 16:37:14 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib", note = "Letters between John W. Backus and Edsger W. Dijkstra.", URL = "https://medium.com/@acidflask/this-guys-arrogance-takes-your-breath-away-5b903624ca5f", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Backus:1979:HFI, author = "John Backus", title = "The History of {FORTRAN I}, {II}, and {III}", journal = j-ANN-HIST-COMPUT, volume = "1", number = "1", pages = "21--37", month = jul # "\slash " # sep, year = "1979", CODEN = "AHCOE5", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1979.10013", ISSN = "0164-1239", ISSN-L = "0164-1239", bibdate = "Fri Nov 1 15:29:16 MST 2002", bibsource = "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Math/sparse.linear.systems.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/annhistcomput.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib", URL = "http://dlib.computer.org/an/books/an1979/pdf/a1021.pdf; http://www.computer.org/annals/an1979/a1021abs.htm", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", fjournal = "Annals of the History of Computing", journal-URL = "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=5488650", keywords = "Algorithms; Automatic programming; Computer aided instruction; Computer languages; History; Optimizing compilers; Program processors; Programming profession", } @Misc{Backus:1980:F, author = "John W. Backus", title = "{Fortran}", publisher = pub-ACM, address = pub-ACM:adr, pages = "1 cassette.", year = "1980", bibdate = "Sat Jan 27 13:40:57 MST 1996", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, annote = "Recorded at the History of Programming Languages Conference, Los Angeles, June 1978, sponsored by ACM Sigplan.", author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", keywords = "{Fortran} (Computer program language)", } @InProceedings{Backus:1980:PAS, author = "John Backus", title = "Programming in {America} in the 1950s: Some Personal Impressions", crossref = "Metropolis:1980:HCT", pages = "125--135", year = "1980", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-491650-0.50017-4", bibdate = "Fri Nov 19 08:00:13 2010", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/annhistcomput.bib", URL = "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124916500500174", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", remark-01 = "From page 126: ``\ldots{} Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC). This vast machine (circa 1948--1952) had a store of 150 words \ldots{}''", remark-02 = "From page 126--127: ``Programming in the America of the 1950s had a vital frontier enthusiasm virtually untainted by either the scholarship or the stuffiness of academia. \ldots{} Thus, of 15 papers presented at an Office of Naval Research (ONR) symposium on automatic programming for digital computers in May 1954 [2], only two have separate acknowledgements and none refers to other papers.''", remark-03 = "From page 128: ``Very early in the 1950s, J. Halcombe Laning, Jr., recognized that programming using algebraic expressions would be an important improvement. As a result of that insight he and Neal Zierler had the first algebraic compiler running on WHIRLWIND at MIT in January 1954.''", remark-04 = "From pages 129--130: ``The facts are these: work on FORTRAN began about January 1954 by Ziller and myself. By about April we had been joined by Harlan Herrick, who coauthored with me the paper \booktitle{IBM 701 Speedcoding and other Automatic Programming systems} for the ONR symposium on 13 and 14 of May [1954].''", remark-05 = "From page 130: ``(1) our article was written before we first heard of Laning's work at the ONR symposium and before the demonstration, and (2) by 21 May [1954] the FORTRAN group comprised four people: [Harlan] Herrick, Robert A. Nelson, [Irving] Ziller, and myself.''", remark-06 = "From page 131: ``This interest led directly to work on Speedcoding for the 701 and to efforts to have floating point as well as indexing built into the 704''", remark-07 = "From page 131: ``most operating time was spent in floating-point subroutines. But the advent of the 704 with built-in floating-point and indexing radically altered the situation.''", remark-08 = "From page 131: ``The initial external design for FORTRAN was completed in November 1954.''", remark-09 = "From page 132: ``A large number of difficult problems had to be solved by the nine persons [Sheldon Best, R. Goldberg, L. M. Haibt, Harlan L. Herrick, Robert A. Nelson, D. Sayre, P. B. Sheridan, and Irving Ziller] who were the principal planners and programmers of the six sections of the 704 FORTRAN I compiler''", remark-10 = "From page 132: ``The result of the optimization efforts of the FORTRAN group and particularly of the pioneering work of Best, Nelson, and Ziller was a level of optimization of object programs which was not to be found again in subsequent compilers until the late 1960s.''", remark-11 = "From pages 132--133: ``In a recent course on computability given by Martin Davis, I had been exposed to the work of the logician Emil Post and his notion of a `production'. As soon as the need for precise description was noted, it became obvious that Post's productions were well suited for that purpose. I hastily adapted them for use in describing the syntax of IAL. The resulting paper [5] was received with a silence that made it seem that precise syntax description was an idea whose time had not yet come. As far as I know that paper had only one reader, Peter Naur. Fortunately, he had independently recognized the need for precision; he improved the notation \ldots{} He thus proved the usefulness of the idea in a widely read paper and it was accepted.'' However, entry \cite[page 17]{Shasha:1998:TML} says that Davis did not teach that class until 1960--1961, after the development of the Backus Normal Form.", subject-dates = "Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (11 May 1930--6 August 2002)", } @InProceedings{Backus:1981:AFP, author = "John W. Backus", editor = "Josep D{\'\i}az and Isidro Ramos", booktitle = "Formalization of Programming Concepts, International Colloquium, {Pe{\~n}{\'\i}scola, Spain, April 19--25, 1981}, Proceedings", title = "The Algebra of Functional Programs: Function Level Reasoning, Linear Equations, and Extended Definitions", volume = "107", publisher = pub-SV, address = pub-SV:adr, pages = "1--43", year = "1981", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-10699-5_91", ISBN = "3-540-10699-5", ISBN-13 = "978-3-540-10699-9", MRclass = "68B05 (03B40)", MRnumber = "621864", bibdate = "Tue Jun 9 18:28:04 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", series = "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", biburl = "https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icfpc/Backus81.bib", timestamp = "Fri, 17 Jul 2020 16:12:47 +0200", } @InProceedings{Backus:1981:CSB, author = "John Backus", title = "Is computer science based on the wrong fundamental concept of `program'? {An} extended concept (Invited Address)", crossref = "deBakker:1981:ALP", pages = "133--165", year = "1981", MRclass = "68B05", MRnumber = "657604", bibdate = "Sat May 30 15:43:14 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @InProceedings{Backus:1981:FLP, author = "John W. Backus", editor = "Arvind and Jack B. Dennis", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1981 conference on Functional programming languages and computer architecture, {FPCA 1981, Wentworth, New Hampshire, USA, October 1981}", title = "Function level programs as mathematical objects", publisher = pub-ACM, address = pub-ACM:adr, pages = "1--10", year = "1981", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/800223.806757", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 11:58:21 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", series = "FPCA '81", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", biburl = "https://dblp.org/rec/conf/fpca/Backus81.bib", collection = "FPCA '81", remark = "TO DO: ACM site says conference at Portsmouth, NH, but another source says Wentworth, NH; the cities are 80k apart.", timestamp = "Tue, 06 Nov 2018 11:07:48 +0100", xxbooktitle = "Proceedings of the 1981 conference on Functional programming languages and computer architecture --- {FPCA '81}, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA, October 18--22, 1981.", } @InProceedings{Backus:1981:HFI, author = "J. Backus", title = "The history of {FORTRAN I}, {II}, and {III}", crossref = "Wexelblat:1981:HPL", pages = "25--74", year = "1981", bibdate = "Mon Aug 22 14:20:57 1994", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran2.bib; Misc/sigplan.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", keywords = "languages", review = "ACM CR 39172", subject = "D.3 Software, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, Language Classifications \\ K.2 Computing Milieux, HISTORY OF COMPUTING, FORTRAN \\ K.2 Computing Milieux, HISTORY OF COMPUTING, Software", } @TechReport{Backus:1982:AFP, author = "John Backus", title = "The Algebra of Functional Programs: Functional Level Reasoning, Linear Equations, and Extended Definitions", type = "Report", number = "RJ 3555", institution = "IBM Research Laboratory", address = "5600 Cottle Road, San Jose, CA 95193, USA", pages = "43", day = "23", month = jul, year = "1982", bibdate = "Mon Jun 15 07:18:48 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", note = "This appears to be a reprint of \cite{Backus:1981:AFP}.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Backus:1982:SFL, author = "J. Backus", title = "Software {I}: Function-level computing: a new programming method, linked to radically different architectures, may greatly simplify software development", journal = j-IEEE-SPECTRUM, volume = "19", number = "8", pages = "22--27", month = aug, year = "1982", CODEN = "IEESAM", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.1982.6366967", ISSN = "0018-9235 (print), 1939-9340 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0018-9235", bibdate = "Sat Jan 18 16:51:45 2020", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ieeespectrum1980.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", fjournal = "IEEE Spectrum", journal-URL = "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=6", keywords = "Buildings; cellular automata; Central Processing Unit; computer architecture; Computers; finite automata; function-level computing; parallel processing; Program processors; Programming; programming; programming method; software development; Vectors; Very large scale integration", } @TechReport{Backus:1983:CRC, author = "John W. Backus", title = "The Coming Revolution in Computing", type = "Report", number = "RJ 3994", institution = "IBM Research Laboratory", address = "San Jose, CA 95193, USA", day = "23", month = aug, year = "1983", bibdate = "Mon Jun 15 07:37:52 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", abstract = "This paper is the text of a lecture given at MIT on May 5, 1983.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Backus:1984:A, author = "John Backus", title = "Afterword", journal = j-ANN-HIST-COMPUT, volume = "6", number = "1", pages = "26--27", month = jan # "\slash " # mar, year = "1984", CODEN = "AHCOE5", ISSN = "0164-1239", ISSN-L = "0164-1239", bibdate = "Fri Nov 1 15:29:21 MST 2002", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/annhistcomput.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran2.bib", URL = "http://dlib.computer.org/an/books/an1984/pdf/a1015.pdf; http://www.computer.org/annals/an1984/a1015abs.htm", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", fjournal = "Annals of the History of Computing", journal-URL = "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=5488650", keywords = "FORTRAN", } @Article{Backus:1984:EDF, author = "John Backus", title = "Early Days of {FORTRAN}", journal = j-ANN-HIST-COMPUT, volume = "6", number = "1", pages = "15--15", month = jan # "\slash " # mar, year = "1984", CODEN = "AHCOE5", ISSN = "0164-1239", ISSN-L = "0164-1239", bibdate = "Fri Nov 1 15:29:21 MST 2002", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/annhistcomput.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran2.bib", URL = "http://dlib.computer.org/an/books/an1984/pdf/a1015.pdf; http://www.computer.org/annals/an1984/a1015abs.htm", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", fjournal = "Annals of the History of Computing", journal-URL = "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=5488650", xxnote = "Missing from IEEE Web site.", } @TechReport{Backus:1985:FLSa, author = "John Backus", title = "From Function Level Semantics to Program Transformation and Optimization", type = "Report", number = "RJ 4567 (40935)", institution = "IBM Research Laboratory", address = "San Jose, CA 95193, USA", pages = "35", day = "8", month = jan, year = "1985", bibdate = "Mon Jun 15 07:40:28 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @InCollection{Backus:1985:FLSb, author = "John Backus", booktitle = "Mathematical foundations of software development, {Vol}. 1 ({Berlin}, 1985)", title = "From function level semantics to program transformation and optimization", volume = "185", publisher = pub-SV, address = pub-SV:adr, pages = "60--91", year = "1985", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-15198-2_5", ISBN = "3-540-15198-2", ISBN-13 = "978-3-540-15198-2", MRclass = "68Q55 (68N05)", MRnumber = "818016", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", series = "Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci.", author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @TechReport{Backus:1986:FLM, author = "John W. Backus and J. H. Williams and E. L. Wimmers", title = "The {FL} language manual", type = "Technical Report", number = "RJ 5339 (54809)", institution = "IBM Corporation", address = "Armonk, NY, USA", year = "1986", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 16:49:14 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @TechReport{Backus:1987:CPLa, author = "John W. Backus", title = "Can programming be liberated from the {von Neumann} style? {A} functional style and its algebra of programs", type = "Report", number = "RJ 2234", institution = "IBM Research Laboratory", address = "San Jose, CA, USA", pages = "98", year = "1987", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 16:32:09 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib", note = "Draft of ACM Turing Award lecture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @InCollection{Backus:1987:CPLb, author = "John Backus", title = "Can Programming be Liberated from the {von Neumann} Style? {A} Functional Style and Its Algebra of Programs", crossref = "Ashenhurst:1987:ATA", pages = "63--130", year = "1987", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/1283920.1283933", bibdate = "Tue Jun 21 11:01:04 2011", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/mirrors/ftp.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Compiler/ml.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/acm-turing-awards.bib", note = "ACM Turing Award lecture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", subject-dates = "John von Neumann (28 December 1903--8 February 1957)", } @InProceedings{Backus:1990:IPL, author = "J. Backus and J. H. Williams and E. L. Wimmers", title = "An Introduction to the Programming Language {FL}", crossref = "Turner:1990:RTF", pages = "??--??", year = "1990", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 16:56:06 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Steele:1993:FCE, author = "Guy L. {Steele, Jr.} and Danny Hillis and Richard Stallman and Gerald J. Sussman and Marvin Minsky and John McCarthy and John Backus and Fernando Corbat{\'o} and Ronald E. Anderson", title = "Forum: Code of Ethics Reconsidered", journal = j-CACM, volume = "36", number = "7", pages = "17--20", month = jul, year = "1993", CODEN = "CACMA2", ISSN = "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0001-0782", bibdate = "Tue Jan 28 14:58:31 1997", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1990.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/gnu.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", fjournal = "Communications of the ACM", journal-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm", } @InCollection{Backus:1996:FAC, author = "J. W. Backus and others", title = "The {FORTRAN} Automatic Coding System", crossref = "Laplante:1996:GPC", chapter = "2.1", pages = "62--??", year = "1996", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 07:33:00 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @InCollection{Naur:1997:RRA, author = "Peter Naur and J. W. Backus and F. L. Bauer and J. Green and C. Kafz and J. McCarthy and A. J. Perlis and H. Rutishauser and K. Samelson and B. Vauquois and J. H. Wegstein and A. van Wijngaarden and M. Woodger", booktitle = "{Algol}-like Languages", title = "Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language {Algol 60}", publisher = pub-BIRKHAUSER-BOSTON, address = pub-BIRKHAUSER-BOSTON:adr, pages = "19--49", year = "1997", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4118-8_2", bibdate = "Fri Aug 21 10:14:15 2020", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", subject-dates = "Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10 November 1970)", } @Article{Backus:1998:HFI, author = "J. Backus", title = "The history of {Fortran} {I}, {II}, and {III}", journal = j-IEEE-ANN-HIST-COMPUT, volume = "20", number = "4", pages = "68--78", month = oct # "\slash " # dec, year = "1998", CODEN = "IAHCEX", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1109/85.728232", ISSN = "1058-6180 (print), 1934-1547 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "1058-6180", bibdate = "Thu Jul 12 08:14:45 MDT 2001", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ieeeannhistcomput.bib", URL = "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel4/85/15706/00728232.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, ajournal = "IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput.", author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", fjournal = "IEEE Annals of the History of Computing", journal-URL = "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=85", keywords = "Automatic programming; Decision support systems; Environmental economics; History; Optimizing compilers", } @InCollection{Backus:1998:RI, author = "John Backus", title = "Restless inventor", crossref = "Shasha:1998:TML", pages = "??--??", year = "1998", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 07:30:32 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Misc{Backus:2003:ILC, author = "John Backus", title = "Items for the {Library of Congress}", howpublished = "Web document", pages = "13", year = "2003", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 15:21:24 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", URL = "https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/FORTRAN/Backus%20-%20LOC%20-%20catalogue%20of%20papers.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", remark = "Correspondence, memoranda, speeches, writings, reports, notes, slides, photographs, and other papers relating to Backus's work as a computer scientist at IBM on programming languages, particularly FORTRAN. Includes material relating to Backus's early work on the IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator and Backus-Naur Form (BNF). Documents Backus's pursuit as IBM Fellow, 1963--1991, of his own research projects relating to mathematical theories of programming and the development of functional programming languages. Also includes files pertaining to Backus's political activism as a member of Computer Professionals Against ABM in the early 1970s and as an opponent of the strategic defense initiative in the 1980s.", } @TechReport{Backus:1989:FLM, author = "J. Backus and J. H. Williams and E. L. Wimmers and P. Lucas and A. Aiken", title = "{FL} Language Manual, Parts 1 and 2", type = "Research Report", number = "RJ 7100 (67163)", institution = "IBM Corporation", address = "????", year = "1989", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 16:54:21 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } %%% ==================================================================== %%% Part 2 (of 3): publication by others about John Backus and his works %%% %%% Bibliography entries, sorted by year and then by citation label, %%% with ``bibsort -byyear'': @Article{Post:1943:FRG, author = "Emil L. Post", title = "Formal reductions of the general combinatorial decision problem", journal = j-AM-J-MATH, volume = "65", pages = "197--215", year = "1943", CODEN = "AJMAAN", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2371809", ISSN = "0002-9327,1080-6377", ISSN-L = "0002-9327", MRclass = "02.0X", MRnumber = "7893", MRreviewer = "R. M. Martin", bibdate = "Thu Jun 4 11:31:47 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, ajournal = "Amer. J. Math.", fjournal = "American Journal of Mathematics", journal-URL = "https://www.jstor.org/journal/amerjmath", remark = "This article is credited in \cite[page 206]{Nijholt:1988:BPA} as the origin of the notation for language grammar rules, later exploited by Noam Chomsky, John Backus, and Peter Naur.", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", } @TechReport{Laning:1954:PTM, author = "J. Halcombe {Laning, Jr.} and Neal Zierler", title = "A Program for Translation of Mathematical Equations for {Whirlwind I}", type = "Engineering Memorandum", number = "E-364", institution = "Instrumentation Laboratory, MIT", address = "Cambridge, MA, USA", month = jan, year = "1954", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 12:39:53 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, remark = "Backus \cite[page 130]{Backus:1980:PAS} says that ``[Laning] and Zierler had the first algebraic compiler running on WHIRLWIND at MIT in January 1954.''", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Bauer:1956:UAP, author = "Walter F. Bauer", title = "Use of Automatic Programming", journal = j-COMP-AUTO, volume = "5", number = "11", pages = "6--11", month = nov, year = "1956", CODEN = "CPAUAJ", ISSN = "0010-4795, 0887-4549", bibdate = "Fri Jan 19 11:41:02 2001", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib", note = "The online edition of the Oxford English Dictionary cites this as the earliest mention of the name FORTRAN, with the quote: ``John Backus' group at IBM has prepared FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) for the IBM-704 computer. FORTRAN will translate into computer language a program written very close [sic] the language of the mathematician or scientist.'' The OED citation references issue ``Nov. 9/2''; that refers to page 9, column 2, of the article. There are no further references to Fortran in this journal up to at least 1962.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "Computers and Automation", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Misc{IBM:1957:TYF, author = "{International Business Machines Corporation}", title = "Twenty-five years of {FORTRAN} exhibit", pages = "5 cubic ft. + 10 panels + and 1 videotape.", year = "1957", bibdate = "Sat Jan 27 13:40:57 MST 1996", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, annote = "Exhibit created and displayed for the 25th anniversary of the delivery of the first FORTRAN compiler including facsimiles of documents, textual analysis, flowcharts, memorabilia, FORTRAN manuals and other publications, photos of FORTRAN pioneers, and videotape on the history of FORTRAN featuring members of the original development team: John Backus, Sheldon Best, Richard Goldberg, Lois Mitchell Haibt, Harlan Herrick, Grace Mitchell, Robert Nelson, Roy Nutt, David Sayre, Peter Sheridan, and Irving Ziller.", keywords = "Anniversaries --- Computers.; Backus, John W., --- 1924-; Best, Sheldon.; Computer programmers --- United States.; FORTRAN (Computer program language); Goldberg, Richard, --- 1924-; Haibt, Lois Mitchell.; Herrick, Harlan.; Mitchell, Grace.; Nelson, Robert A., --- d. 1986.; Nutt, Roy.; Programming languages (Electronic computers); Sayre, David.; Sheridan, Peter B., --- 1926-1992.; Women computer programmers --- United States.; Ziller, Irving.", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Manual{IBM:1959:POM, author = "{International Business Machines Corporation}", title = "Preliminary Operator's Manual: Automatic Coding System for {IBM 704 EDPM (Fortran 4-1-4-1)}", organization = pub-IBM, address = pub-IBM:adr, pages = "37", day = "8", month = apr, year = "1959", bibdate = "Tue Jan 23 19:17:07 2001", bibsource = "http://www.plurabelle.co.uk/catalog/compu.html; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib", note = "Includes copy of \cite{Backus:1957:FAC}, plus two letters by J. Backus.", URL = "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Fortran/102679276.05.01.acc.pdf; https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/FORTRAN/manual/Prelim_Oper_Man-1957_04_07.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Sheridan:1959:ATC, author = "Peter B. Sheridan", title = "The Arithmetic Translator Compiler of the {IBM FORTRAN Automatic Coding System}", journal = j-CACM, volume = "2", number = "2", pages = "9--21", month = feb, year = "1959", CODEN = "CACMA2", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/368280.368289", ISSN = "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0001-0782", bibdate = "Tue Jan 23 19:21:07 2001", bibsource = "http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/cacm/cacm2.html#Sheridan59; http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~cs4304/bibliography.html; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1950.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "Communications of the ACM", journal-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm", remark = "Lead architect John Backus is not mentioned in this article, but it provides details of how the first FORTRAN compiler was built.", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Arden:1960:LPR, author = "B. Arden and B. Galler and R. Graham", title = "Letters: Preliminary Report ({February 4, 1960}) of {Peter Naur}", journal = j-CACM, volume = "3", number = "6", pages = "A13--A13", month = jun, year = "1960", CODEN = "CACMA2", ISSN = "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0001-0782", bibdate = "Fri Nov 25 18:19:27 MST 2005", bibsource = "http://www.acm.org/pubs/contents/journals/cacm/; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1960.bib", note = "See \cite{Naur:1960:RALa}.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "Communications of the ACM", journal-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Gorn:1961:SLM, author = "Saul Gorn", title = "Specification languages for mechanical languages and their processors a baker's dozen: a set of examples presented to {ASA x3.4} subcommittee", journal = j-CACM, volume = "4", number = "12", pages = "532--542", month = dec, year = "1961", CODEN = "CACMA2", ISSN = "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0001-0782", bibdate = "Fri Nov 25 18:19:36 MST 2005", bibsource = "http://www.acm.org/pubs/contents/journals/cacm/; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1960.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "Communications of the ACM", journal-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Cantor:1962:APB, author = "David G. Cantor", title = "On the Ambiguity Problem of {Backus} Systems", journal = j-J-ACM, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "477--479", month = oct, year = "1962", CODEN = "JACOAH", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/321138.321145", ISSN = "0004-5411 (print), 1557-735X (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0004-5411", bibdate = "Mon Dec 05 20:11:35 1994", bibsource = "http://portal.acm.org/; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/jacm.bib", ZMnumber = "0114.33003", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, ajournal = "J. Assoc. Comput. Mach.", fjournal = "Journal of the ACM", journal-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/loi/jacm", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", ZBmath = "3186294", } @InProceedings{Ingerman:1962:TTL, author = "P. Z. Ingerman", title = "A Translation Technique for Languages Whose Syntax is Expressible in {Backus Normal Form}", crossref = "Busa:1962:SLD", pages = "23--64", year = "1962", bibdate = "Fri Jun 05 06:02:51 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", ZMnumber = "0137.10805", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", ZBmath = "3222400", } @Article{Knuth:1962:BL, author = "Donald E. Knuth and Saul Gorn", title = "Letters to the {Editor}: {Backus}' language", journal = j-CACM, volume = "5", number = "4", pages = "185--185", month = apr, year = "1962", CODEN = "CACMA2", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/366920.366925", ISSN = "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0001-0782", bibdate = "Fri Nov 25 18:19:38 MST 2005", bibsource = "http://www.acm.org/pubs/contents/journals/cacm/; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1960.bib", note = "See \cite{Gorn:1961:SLM}.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "Communications of the ACM", journal-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Knuth:1964:LEB, author = "Donald E. Knuth", title = "Letter to the Editor: {Backus Normal Form} vs. {Backus Naur Form}", journal = j-CACM, volume = "7", number = "12", pages = "735--736", month = dec, year = "1964", CODEN = "CACMA2", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/355588.365140", ISSN = "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0001-0782", bibdate = "Sat Nov 26 11:19:25 2005", bibsource = "http://portal.acm.org/; http://www.acm.org/pubs/contents/journals/cacm/; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1960.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "Communications of the ACM", journal-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm", remark = "From the letter: ``Therefore I propose that henceforth we always say ``Backus Naur Form'' instead of Backus Normal Form, when referring to such a syntax. This terminology has several advantages: (1) It gives the proper credit to both Backus and Naur; (2) It preserves the oft-used abbreviation ``BNF''; (3) It does not call a Form a Normal Form", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", } @Article{Petrick:1965:MBN, author = "S. R. Petrick", title = "More on {Backus Normal Form}", journal = j-CACM, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "200--201", month = mar, year = "1965", CODEN = "CACMA2", ISSN = "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0001-0782", bibdate = "Sun Sep 18 23:22:36 1994", bibsource = "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Compiler/bevan.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1960.bib", note = "Letter to the editor", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, checked = "19940404", fjournal = "Communications of the ACM", journal-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm", sjb = "Notes that ``Backus Normal Form'' has long been a source of irritation since it isn't a normal form and more importantly because he is one of the people who ``have objected to the term Backus Normal form because it is just a new name of an old concept in linguistics.'' Notes that Knuth's defense of BNF is weak since of the five listed differences, Petrick is amazed that Knuth thinks they are anything except notational variants.", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Book{ANSI:1966:AF, author = "{American National Standards Institute}", title = "{ANSI Fortran X3.9-1966}", publisher = pub-ANSI, address = pub-ANSI:adr, pages = "??", year = "1966", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib", note = "Approved March 7, 1966 (also known as Fortran 66). See also subsequent clarifications \cite{ANSI:1969:CFS} and \cite{ANSI:1971:CFS}.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Book{ANSI:1966:ANS, author = "{American National Standards Institute} and {Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (U.S.)}", title = "{American National Standard Basic FORTRAN}: {X3.10-1966}", publisher = pub-ANSI, address = pub-ANSI:adr, pages = "32", year = "1966", bibdate = "Sat Jan 27 13:40:57 MST 1996", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, annote = "Approved March 7, 1966. American Natl Std Basic FORTRAN, X3.10-1966, was developed in parallel with American Standard FORTRAN, X3.9-1966, to ensure that Basic FORTRAN was a subset \ldots{}.", keywords = "{Fortran} (Computer program language)", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Geppert:1966:BBJ, author = "M. G. Geppert", title = "{Buchbesprechung: Backus, J. W., F. L. Bauer, J. Green, C. Katz, J. McCarthy, P. Naur, A. J. Perlis, H. Rutishauser, K. Samelson, B. Vauquois, J. H. Wegstein, A. Van Wijngarden und M. Woodger: \booktitle{Bericht {\"u}ber die algorithmische Sprache Algol 60}. (\booktitle{Report on the algorithmic language Algol 60}. {\"U}bers. Kerner J. O. u. Mitarb.). Akademie-Verlag Berlin 1962. vi + 49 S., Preis MDN 10,50}", journal = j-BIOMETRISCHE-Z, volume = "8", number = "1-2", pages = "121--121", year = "1966", CODEN = "BIZEB3", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.19660080111", ISSN = "0006-3452", bibdate = "Sun Aug 23 10:58:38 2020", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "Biometrische Zeitschrift", subject-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10 November 1970); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", } @Article{Johansen:1966:CRD, author = "Peter Johansen", title = "Construction of Recognition Devices for Regular Languages from their {Backus Normal Form} Definition", journal = j-NORDISK-TIDSKR-INFORM-BEHAND, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "294--309", month = jul, year = "1966", CODEN = "BITTEL, NBITAB", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01966090", ISSN = "0006-3835 (print), 1572-9125 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0006-3835", bibdate = "Wed Jan 4 18:52:09 MST 2006", bibsource = "http://springerlink.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=issue&issn=0006-3835&volume=6&issue=4; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/bit.bib", URL = "http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=0006-3835&volume=6&issue=4&spage=294", ZMnumber = "0145.24301", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "BIT. Nordisk Tidskrift for Informationsbehandling", journal-URL = "http://link.springer.com/journal/10543", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", ZBmath = "3234422", } @Book{Rosen:1966:PSL, editor = "Saul Rosen", title = "Programming Systems and Languages", publisher = pub-MCGRAW-HILL, address = pub-MCGRAW-HILL:adr, pages = "xv + 734", year = "1966", LCCN = "QA76.5 .R53", bibdate = "Tue Jan 23 19:03:21 2001", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran1.bib", note = "Reissued in 1967. Contains a reprint of the first published paper on Fortran \cite{Backus:1957:FAC} on pp. 29--47.", series = "McGraw-Hill computer science series", acknowledgement = ack-mm # " and " # ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Ingerman:1967:PBF, author = "Peter Zilahy Ingerman", title = "{``P{\=a}nini--Backus Form''} suggested", journal = j-CACM, volume = "10", number = "3", pages = "137--137", month = mar, year = "1967", CODEN = "CACMA2", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/363162.363165", ISSN = "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0001-0782", bibdate = "Fri Nov 25 18:20:12 MST 2005", bibsource = "http://www.acm.org/pubs/contents/journals/cacm/; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cacm1960.bib", URL = "https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/363162.363165", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "Communications of the ACM", journal-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/loi/cacm", remark = "The author reports that a scholar from India, who lived sometime between 400 BCE and 200 BCE, developed a notation for the grammar of Sanskrit that is similar to that of Backus for programming languages..", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @TechReport{Saphire:1967:IJB, author = "Larry Saphire", title = "Interview of {John Backus, San Francisco, California}", type = "IBM Oral History of Computer Technology", number = "TC-46", institution = pub-IBM, address = pub-IBM:adr, pages = "55", day = "15", month = dec, year = "1967", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 15:18:14 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", URL = "https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/FORTRAN/paper/Saphire_Interview_of_John_Backus-TC-46-1967_12_15.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Rohl:1968:NBN, author = "J. S. Rohl", title = "A note on {Backus Naur Form}", journal = j-COMP-J, volume = "10", number = "4", pages = "336--337", month = feb, year = "1968", CODEN = "CMPJA6", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/10.4.336", ISSN = "0010-4620 (print), 1460-2067 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0010-4620", bibdate = "Tue Dec 4 14:47:39 MST 2012", bibsource = "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/4.toc; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_10/Issue_04/; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj1960.bib", URL = "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/4/336.full.pdf+html; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_10/Issue_04/100336.sgm.abs.html; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_10/Issue_04/tiff/336.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_10/Issue_04/tiff/337.tif", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "The Computer Journal", journal-URL = "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", } @Article{ANSI:1969:CFS, author = "{ANSI Subcommittee X3J3}", title = "Clarification of {Fortran} Standards\emdash Initial Progress", journal = j-CACM, volume = "12", pages = "289--294", year = "1969", CODEN = "CACMA2", ISSN = "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0001-0782", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib", note = "See also \cite{ANSI:1966:AF,ANSI:1971:CFS}.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "Communications of the ACM", journal-URL = "http://portal.acm.org/browse_dl.cfm?idx=J79", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Nuding:1970:COR, author = "E. Nuding and I. Kahlert-Warmbold", title = "A computer-oriented representation of matrices", journal = j-COMPUTING, volume = "6", number = "1--2", pages = "1--8", month = mar, year = "1970", CODEN = "CMPTA2", ISSN = "0010-485X (print), 1436-5057 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0010-485X", bibdate = "Tue Jan 2 17:40:51 MST 2001", bibsource = "http://springerlink.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=journal&issn=0010-485X; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/computing.bib; INSPEC Axiom database (1968--date)", ZMnumber = "212.16902", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Univ. Heidelberg, West Germany", classification = "C6120", description = "data structures; matrix algebra", fjournal = "Computing", journal-URL = "http://link.springer.com/journal/607", keywords = "Backus normal form; computer oriented matrix representation; data structures; matrix description language; sparse matrices", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{ANSI:1971:CFS, author = "{ANSI Subcommittee X3J3}", title = "Clarification of {Fortran} Standards\emdash Second Report", journal = j-CACM, volume = "14", pages = "628--642", year = "1971", CODEN = "CACMA2", ISSN = "0001-0782 (print), 1557-7317 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0001-0782", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib", note = "See also \cite{ANSI:1966:AF,ANSI:1969:CFS}.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "Communications of the ACM", journal-URL = "http://portal.acm.org/browse_dl.cfm?idx=J79", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Culik:1972:BRJa, author = "Karel {\v{C}}ul{\'\i}k", title = "Book Review: {J. W. Backus, F. L. Bauer, J. Green, C. Katz, J. McCarthy, P. Naur (editor), A. J. Perlis, H. Rutishauser, K. Samelson, B. Vauquois, J. H. Wegstein, A. van Wijngaarden, and M. Woodger. \booktitle{Report on the algorithmic language ALGOL 60}. Numerische Mathematik, vol. 2 (1960), pp. 106--136; also Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, vol. 3 (1960), pp. 299--314}", journal = j-J-SYMBOLIC-LOGIC, volume = "37", number = "3", pages = "622--623", month = sep, year = "1972", CODEN = "JSYLA6", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2272793", ISSN = "0022-4812 (print), 1943-5886 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0022-4812", bibdate = "Sun Aug 23 12:22:38 2020", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", URL = "https://www.jstor.org/stable/2272793; ttps://www.jstor.org/stable/2272793", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "Journal of Symbolic Logic", journal-URL = "http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.jsl; http://www.jstor.org/journal/jsymboliclogic", subject-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10 November 1970); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", } @Article{Culik:1972:BRJb, author = "Karel {\v{C}}ul{\'\i}k", title = "Book Review: {J. W. Backus, F. L. Bauer, J. Green, C. Katz, J. McCarthy, P. Naur, A. J. Perlis, H. Rutishauser, K. Samelson, B. Vauquois, J. H. Wegstein, A. van Wijngaarden, and M. Woodger. \booktitle{Revised report on the algorithmic language ALGOL 60}. Numerische Mathematik, vol. 4 (1962--1963), pp. 420--453; also ibid., vol. 6 (1963), pp. 1--17; and The Computer Journal, vol. 5 no. 4 (1963), pp. 349--367}", journal = j-J-SYMBOLIC-LOGIC, volume = "37", number = "3", pages = "623--624", month = sep, year = "1972", CODEN = "JSYLA6", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2272794", ISSN = "0022-4812 (print), 1943-5886 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0022-4812", bibdate = "Sun Aug 23 12:23:54 2020", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", URL = "https://www.jstor.org/stable/2272794", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "Journal of Symbolic Logic", journal-URL = "http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.jsl; http://www.jstor.org/journal/jsymboliclogic", subject-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10 November 1970); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May 1980); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", } @Article{Chaplin:1973:GRB, author = "R. I. Chaplin and R. E. Crosbie and J. L. Hay", title = "A graphical representation of the {Backus--Naur} form", journal = j-COMP-J, volume = "16", number = "1", pages = "28--29", month = feb, year = "1973", CODEN = "CMPJA6", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/16.1.28", ISSN = "0010-4620 (print), 1460-2067 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0010-4620", bibdate = "Tue Dec 4 14:47:51 MST 2012", bibsource = "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/1.toc; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_16/Issue_01/; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj1970.bib", URL = "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/1/28.full.pdf+html; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_16/Issue_01/160028.sgm.abs.html; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_16/Issue_01/tiff/28.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_16/Issue_01/tiff/29.tif", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classcodes = "C4210 (Formal logic)", corpsource = "Univ. Salford, UK", fjournal = "The Computer Journal", journal-URL = "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/", keywords = "Backus Naur form; computer languages; flow diagram; formal languages; graphical representation; inconsistencies; interconnection; logical; standard block; structure of the language", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", treatment = "T Theoretical or Mathematical", } @Article{Konstantinov:1973:CTG, author = "V. I. Konstantinov", title = "{Konstruktion von TR-Grammatiken nach Grammatiken in der Backus--Naur-Form}. ({German}) [{Construction} of {TR}-grammars based on grammars in the {Backus--Naur} form]", journal = "Vycislit. Sistemy, Novosibirsk", volume = "57", pages = "91--97, 162", year = "1973", ISSN = "0568-661x", MRclass = "68A30 68N01 68Q45", MRnumber = "351166", MRreviewer = "E. Stotski{\u\i}", bibdate = "Mon Jun 8 08:12:23 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib", ZMnumber = "0283.68013", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "Akademija Nauk SSSR. Sibirskoe Otdelenie. Institut Matematiki. Vy\v cislitel\cprime nye Sistemy. Sbornik Trudov", language = "German", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", ZBmath = "3444777", } @Article{Kusmierz:1974:AMP, author = "Grazyna Kusmierz and Ryszard Janda", title = "Application method of program-generator of any language written in {Backus} notation as an acceptor of this language", journal = "Algorytmy", volume = "11", number = "20", pages = "85--135", year = "1974", MRclass = "68N01 68W99 68Q45", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 11:11:18 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", ZMnumber = "0304.68011", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, language = "Polish", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", ZBmath = "3476554", } @TechReport{McJones:1975:CRP, author = "Paul McJones", title = "A {Church--Rosser} Property of Closed Applicative Languages", type = "Research Report", number = "RJ 1589", institution = "IBM Research Laboratory", address = "San Jose, CA, USA", month = may, year = "1975", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 16:30:23 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", URL = "http://www.mcjones.org/paul/rj1589.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Y:1977:JBF, author = "E. K. Y.", title = "{John Backus} of {Fortran} fame: how he'd unclog the `{von Neumann}' bottleneck", journal = j-DATAMATION, volume = "23", number = "1", pages = "142--143, 145", month = jan, year = "1977", CODEN = "DTMNAT", ISSN = "0011-6963", bibdate = "Sat Jun 13 16:37:20 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib", URL = "https://www.bitsavers.org/magazines/Datamation/197701.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, fjournal = "Datamation", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Book{ANSI:1978:ANSb, author = "{American National Standards Institute}", title = "{American National Standard} programming language {FORTRAN}: approved {April 3, 1978, American National Standards Institute, Inc.}: {ANSI X3.9-1978. Revision of ANSI X3.9-1966}", publisher = pub-ANSI, address = pub-ANSI:adr, edition = "Revised", pages = "438", year = "1978", bibdate = "Mon Feb 24 15:49:20 MST 1997", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, annote = "ANSI standard Z3.9-1978 has been adopted as CSA standard Z243.18-1980 January, 1980, and as ISO 1539-1980 (E). Also adopted by the U.S. Department of Defense.", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Book{ANSI:1978:ANSc, author = "{American National Standards Institute}", title = "{American National Standard} programming language, {FORTRAN}", publisher = pub-ANSI, address = pub-ANSI:adr, edition = "Revised", pages = "438", year = "1978", bibdate = "Mon Jun 19 08:07:31 2000", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib", note = "Available on the World-Wide Web at \path=http://observer.gsfc.nasa.gov/iteams/doc/ansi_f77.ps=, \path=http://observer.gsfc.nasa.gov/iteams/doc/f77.doc=, \path=http://observer.gsfc.nasa.gov/iteams/doc/f77_cov.pdf=, and \path=http://observer.gsfc.nasa.gov/iteams/doc/f77_doc.pdf=.", series = "{American National Standard}; ANSI X3.9-1978 CSA standard; Z243.18-1980 American National Standards Institute. {American National Standard}; ANSI X3.9-1978. Canadian Standard Association. CSA standard; Z243.18-1980.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, annote = "Cover title: Programming language, FORTRAN. ``Revision of ANSI X3.9-1966''. ``ANSI standard Z3.9-1978 has been adopted as a CSA standard January, 1980''--Label on cover. ``Adopted by the Department of Defense''--Cover.", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Misc{ANSI:1978:ANSd, author = "{American National Standards Institute}", title = "{American National Standard} programming language {FORTRAN}: approved {April 3, 1978, American National Standards Institute, Inc.}: {ANSI X3.9-1978. Revision of ANSI X3.9-1966}", howpublished = "World-Wide Web document.", year = "1978", bibdate = "Wed Jan 24 06:23:57 2001", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib", note = "This is an online hypertext of the Fortran 77 Standard.", URL = "http://www.fortran.com/fortran/F77_std/rjcnf0001.html", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Book{ANSI:1978:FUX, author = "{American National Standards Institute.Committee on Computers X3 Information Processing}", title = "{Fortran} 77: unofficial, {X3J3\slash} 90.5, (78-06-01)", publisher = pub-ANSI, address = pub-ANSI:adr, pages = "371", year = "1978", bibdate = "Sat Jan 27 13:40:57 MST 1996", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, annote = "Cover title. ``Unofficial Editor's Draft.'' Revision of American National Standard FORTRAN, X3.9-1966. Photocopy.", keywords = "{Fortran} (Computer program language)", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Unpublished{Dijkstra:1978:RTA, author = "Edsger W. Dijkstra", title = "A review of the 1977 {Turing Award Lecture} by {John Backus}", pages = "5", year = "1978", bibdate = "Mon Mar 16 08:14:00 2015", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/acm-turing-awards.bib", note = "Circulated privately.", URL = "http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/ewd06xx/EWD692.PDF", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (11 May 1930--6 August 2002)", filesize = "143 KB", oldlabel = "EWD:EWD692", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Stegmann:1979:PYP, author = "Claire Stegmann", title = "Pathfinder: For 25 years a programming pioneer {John Backus} still crackles with ideas", journal = "Think Magazine", volume = "45", number = "4", pages = "18--24", month = jul # "\slash " # aug, year = "1979", bibdate = "Sat Jun 13 15:18:31 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", URL = "https://lc.fie.umich.mx/~legg/clases/paradigmasdeprogramacion/Backus-Think.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, remark-1 = "From page 22: ``FORTRAN did greatly increase programmer productivity. What had previously taken 1,000 machine instructions could now be written in 47 statements. \ldots{} By the fall of 1958, more than half the machine instructions of the [IBM] 704 were being generated by FORTRAN.''", remark-2 = "The article includes five color photographs of John Backus.", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @InProceedings{Robinet:1980:LBS, author = "B. Robinet", editor = "M. Dauchet and E. Lilin", booktitle = "Les arbres en alg{\`e}bre et en programmation, 5i{\`e}me Colloque, {Lille}, 23--25 f{\`e}vrier 1980", title = "Les langages de {Backus} sont des syst{\`e}mes de manipulation d'arbres. ({French}) [{Backus}' languages are tree-manipulation systems]", publisher = "Universit{\'e} de Lille", address = "Lille, France", pages = "83--94", year = "1980", MRclass = "68Q65 68N01 68Q45 03B40", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 11:11:18 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", ZMnumber = "0444.68025", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, language = "French", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", ZBmath = "3694575", } @Article{Allen:1981:HLP, author = "F. E. Allen", title = "The History of Language Processor Technology in {IBM}", journal = j-IBM-JRD, volume = "25", number = "5", pages = "535--548", month = sep, year = "1981", CODEN = "IBMJAE", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.255.0535", ISSN = "0018-8646 (print), 2151-8556 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0018-8646", bibdate = "Tue Mar 25 14:26:59 MST 1997", bibsource = "Compendex database; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ibmjrd.bib", abstract = "The history of language processor technology in IBM is described in this paper. Most of the paper is devoted to compiler technology; interpreters, assemblers, and macro systems are discussed briefly. The emphasis is on scientific contributions and technological advances from a historical perspective. The synergistic relationship between theory and practice is a subtheme.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, ajournal = "IBM J. Res. Develop.", classcodes = "C6150C (Compilers, interpreters and other processors)", classification = "722; 723", corpsource = "IBM Thomas J. Watson Res. Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA", fjournal = "IBM Journal of Research and Development", journal-URL = "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=5288520", journalabr = "IBM J Res Dev", keywords = "assemblers; compiler technology; computer operating systems; computer programming languages; history; interpreters; language processor technology; macro systems; program assemblers; program compilers; program interpreters", remark-1 = "From page 537: ``With the exception of work by Ershov [22], these ideas were not fully explored until very recently [23, 24]. It is interesting to note that the compiler used a technique when constructing and accessing the table of variables which has since become known as hashing. This technique, in almost exactly the same form, is used commonly today. Knuth [25] cites H. P. Luhn with originating hashing and describing it in an IBM memorandum written in 1953. At about the same time another group of IBM people, Gene Amdahl, Elaine Boehm, Nathaniel Rochester, and Arthur Samuel, independently developed hashing for use in an assembly program they were writing for the [IBM] 701.''", remark-2 = "From page 540: ``FORTRAN for the 1401 The 1401, announced in 1959, was a small, character-oriented computer imposing a severe set of constraints on the FORTRAN compiler design [50]. It was designed to operate in 8000 storage locations (characters) with tape usage being optional. We mention the FORTRAN compiler for the 1401 in this history because it exemplifies an interesting design for a small system. The compiler consisted of 64 phases, the first three of which were loaded before the program. The entire program was then read in, and the remainder of the compiler was passed against the program, one phase at a time. When the compiler was finished, the program was in executable form in memory and could be executed immediately.''", remark-3 = "From page 541: ``The syntactic notation BNF, commonly used to specify a grammar, was introduced by John Backus in 1959 [58], It is discussed elsewhere in this issue,''", remark-4 = "From page 542: ``On April 7, 1964, IBM announced the System/360. The announcement included five basic, compatible computer models with 19 combinations of speed and storage capacity; the largest processor was 100 times more powerful than the smallest, and the main storage capacity ranged from 8192 bytes to more than eight million.''", remark-5 = "From page 542: ``\ldots{} three distinct FORTRAN compilers were written for use with the main operating system OS: an E level requiring 32000 bytes, a G requiring 128000, and an H requiring 256000.''", remark-6 = "From page 542: ``The design was incorporated into an optimizing compiler for PL/I (PLIOPT) and also proved adequate for supporting the FORTRAN compiler itself, 70\% of which was written in FORTRAN.''", remark-7 = "From page 545: ``In his paper on the history of FORTRAN [29], John Backus corroborates this view. The next paragraph is from that paper. `To this day I believe that our emphasis on object program efficiency rather than on language design was basically correct. I believe that had we failed to produce efficient programs, the widespread use of languages like FORTRAN would have been seriously delayed.'\,''", remark-8 = "From page 546: ``Two people, John Backus and John Cocke, deserve special re-acknowledgment for their many major contributions to language processor technology. John Backus developed Speedcode, made FORTRAN happen (with the help of a very fine group [30]), and invented BNF among other things. John Cocke has contributed to nearly every aspect of language processor science and technology, program analysis and optimization, parsing, register allocation, and macro systems, as well as to areas such as improved hardware architecture which make these tasks.''", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", treatment = "B Bibliography; G General Review", } @Article{Lucas:1981:FSP, author = "P. Lucas", title = "Formal Semantics of Programming Languages: {VDL}", journal = j-IBM-JRD, volume = "25", number = "5", pages = "549--561", month = sep, year = "1981", CODEN = "IBMJAE", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.255.0549", ISSN = "0018-8646 (print), 2151-8556 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0018-8646", bibdate = "Tue Mar 25 14:26:59 MST 1997", bibsource = "Compendex database; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ibmjrd.bib", abstract = "The history of ideas that led to the first formalization of the syntax and semantics of PL/I is sketched. The definition method and notation are known as the Vienna Definition Language (VDL). The paper examines the relationship between VDL and both denotational semantics and the axiomatic approach to programming language definition.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, ajournal = "IBM J. Res. Develop.", classcodes = "C4210 (Formal logic); C6140D (High level languages)", classification = "723", corpsource = "IBM Res. Div. Lab., San Jose, CA, USA", fjournal = "IBM Journal of Research and Development", journal-URL = "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=5288520", journalabr = "IBM J Res Dev", keywords = "axiomatic approach; computer programming languages; definition; formal languages; high level languages; history; Language; PL/I; programming language; semantics; syntax; Vienna Definition", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", treatment = "B Bibliography; G General Review", } @Article{Sammet:1981:HIT, author = "Jean E. Sammet", title = "History of {IBM}'s Technical Contributions to High Level Programming Languages", journal = j-IBM-JRD, volume = "25", number = "5", pages = "520--534", month = sep, year = "1981", CODEN = "IBMJAE", ISSN = "0018-8646 (print), 2151-8556 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0018-8646", bibdate = "Tue Mar 25 14:26:59 MST 1997", bibsource = "Compendex database; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ibmjrd.bib", abstract = "Those IBM languages deemed to have made major contributions are (in alphabetical order) APL, FORTRAN, GPSS, and PL/I. Smaller contributions (because of lesser general usage) have been made by Commercial Translator, CPS, FOR-MAC, QUIKTRAN, and SCRATCHPAD. Major contributions were made in the area of formal definition of languages, through the introduction of BNF (Backus-Naur Form) for defining language syntax and VDL (Vienna Definition language) for semantics.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, ajournal = "IBM J. Res. Develop.", classcodes = "C6140D (High level languages)", classification = "723", corpsource = "IBM Federal Systems Div. Headquarters, Bethesda, MD, USA", fjournal = "IBM Journal of Research and Development", journal-URL = "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=5288520", journalabr = "IBM J Res Dev", keywords = "APL; BNF; Commercial; computer programming languages; CPS; FORMAC; FORTRAN; GPSS; high level; high level languages; IBM's technical contributions; PL/I; programming languages; QUIKTRAN; reviews; SCRATCHPAD; Translator; VDL", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", treatment = "B Bibliography; G General Review", } @Article{DeRemer:1982:ECL, author = "Frank DeRemer and Thomas Pennello", title = "Efficient Computation of {LALR(1)} Look-Ahead Sets", journal = j-TOPLAS, volume = "4", number = "4", pages = "615--649", month = oct, year = "1982", CODEN = "ATPSDT", ISSN = "0164-0925 (print), 1558-4593 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0164-0925", bibdate = "Sat May 4 17:32:11 1996", bibsource = "Compiler/bevan.bib; Compiler/Compiler.Lins.bib; Compiler/TOPLAS.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toplas.bib", abstract = "Two relations that capture the essential structure of the problem of computing LALR(1) look-ahead sets are defined, an efficient algorithm is presented to compute the sets in time linear in the size of the relations. In particular, for a PASCAL grammar, the algorithm performs fewer than 15 percent of the set unions performed by the popular compiler-compiler YACC. When a grammar is not LALR(1), the relations, represented explicitly, provide for printing user-oriented error messages that specifically indicate {\em how\/} the look-ahead problem arose. In addition, certain loops in the digraphs induced by these relations indicate that the grammar is not LR($k$) for any $k$. Finally, on oft-discovered and used but {\em incorrect\/} look-ahead set algorithm is similarly based on two other relations defined for the first time here. The formal presentation of this algorithm should help prevent its rediscovery.", acknowledgement = ack-pb, ajournal = "ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst.", checked = "19940302", fjournal = "ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems", journal-URL = "http://portal.acm.org/browse_dl.cfm?idx=J783", keywords = "Backus-Naur form; compiler generators; context-free grammar; grammar debugging.; LALR(1); LR(k); parsing; strongly connected component; syntax; translator writing systems", source = "Dept. Library", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", } @Article{Spector:1983:LPM, author = "David Spector", title = "Lexing and parsing {Modula-2}", journal = j-SIGPLAN, volume = "18", number = "10", pages = "25--32", month = oct, year = "1983", CODEN = "SINODQ", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/988175.988181", ISSN = "0362-1340 (print), 1523-2867 (print), 1558-1160 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0362-1340", bibdate = "Mon Jan 31 18:48:10 2011", bibsource = "http://portal.acm.org/; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/sigplan1980.bib", abstract = "This paper attempts to be a complete description, from the implementor's viewpoint, of the basic lexing and parsing requirements of the Modula-2 language. The lexical structure is described informally, while the syntax is specified formally by an LALR(1) grammar expressed in BNF (Backus-Naur Form).Further information is available in the Modula-2 language definition [1].", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "C4210 (Formal logic); C6140D (High level languages); C6150C (Compilers, interpreters and other processors)", corpsource = "Prime Computer Inc., Framingham, MA, USA", fjournal = "ACM SIGPLAN Notices", journal-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/loi/sigplan", keywords = "Backus-Naur form; compilers; formal languages; grammars; high level languages; LALR(1) grammar; lexical structure; lexing; Modula-2; parsing; program compilers; syntax", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", treatment = "P Practical", } @Book{ANSI-X3J3:1987:DPR, author = "{American National Standards Institute.Technical Committee X3J3}", title = "Draft proposed revised {American National Standard} programming language {Fortran}", publisher = "X3 Secretariat/CBEMA", address = "Washington, DC, USA", edition = "Version 104", pages = "various", year = "1987", bibdate = "Mon Feb 24 15:49:20 MST 1997", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, keywords = "FORTRAN (Computer program language) --- Standards --- United; States", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Book{ANSI:1987:ANSc, author = "{American National Standards Institute}", title = "{American National Standard} programming language, {FORTRAN}: draft proposed: revision of {ANSI X3.9-1978}. {X3 Project 67-R}", publisher = pub-GLOBAL-ENG, address = pub-GLOBAL-ENG:adr, edition = "Revised", pages = "various", year = "1987", bibdate = "Mon Feb 24 15:49:20 MST 1997", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Book{ANSI:1987:ANSd, author = "{American National Standards Institute} and {Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association}", title = "{American National Standard} for information systems: programming language {Fortran}: {S8 (X3.9-198X): Revision of ANSI X3.9-1978}", publisher = pub-ANSI, address = pub-ANSI:adr, pages = "various", year = "1987", bibdate = "Mon Feb 24 15:49:20 MST 1997", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, keywords = "FORTRAN (Computer program language) --- Standards", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Manual{ANSI:1987:DPA, title = "Draft Proposed {ANSI Fortran X3.9-198x}", organization = pub-ANSI, address = pub-ANSI:adr, day = "18", month = sep, year = "1987", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/master.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/standard.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", xxnote = "See also \cite{Metcalf:1987:FE}.", } @Book{Cortada:1987:HDD, author = "James W. Cortada", title = "Historical Dictionary of Data Processing: Biographies", publisher = pub-GREENWOOD, address = pub-GREENWOOD:adr, pages = "xiii + 321", year = "1987", ISBN = "0-313-25651-9", ISBN-13 = "978-0-313-25651-6", LCCN = "QA76.15 .C66 1987", bibdate = "Tue Mar 20 07:59:47 MDT 2007", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/babbage-charles.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/l/lovelace-ada-augusta.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/m/metropolis-nicholas.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/shannon-claude-elwood.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/adabooks.bib; z3950.loc.gov:7090/Voyager", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, keywords = "Adam Osborne (1939--); Alan J. Perlis (1922--1990); Alan Mathison Turing (1912--1954); Alfred Blake Dick (1856--1934); Alfred Blake Dick, Jr. (1894--1954); Alfred Tarski (1901--I983); Allan Marquand (1853--1924); Allen Newell (1927--1992); Alston Scott Householder (1904--); An Wang (1920--1990); Andrei Petrovich Ershov (1931--1988); Andrew Donald Booth (1918--); Annibale Pastore (1868--1936); Antonin Svoboda (1907--1980); Arie Van Wijngaarden (1933--1987); Arthur Walter Burks (1915--); Baron Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier (1768--1830); Bernard Aaron Galler (1928--); Blaise Pascal (1623--1666); Boris Artybasheff (1899--1965); Borje Langefors (1915--); Brian Randell (1936--); Carl George Lange Barth (1860--1939); Charles Babbage (1791--1871); Charles Katz (1927--); Charles Ranlett Flint (1850--1934); Chester Gordon Bell (1934--); Christopher Strachey (1916--1975); Clair D. Lake (1888--1958); Clark Hull (1884--1952); Claude Elwood Shannon (1916--); Countess of Lovelace, Augusta Ada (1816--1852); Cuthbert C. Hurd (1911--); Dave Packard (1912--); David John Wheeler (1927--); Dean Everett Wooldridge (1913--); Derrick Henry Lehmer (1905--1991); Donald Alexander Flanders (1900--1958); Donald Ervin Knuth (1938--); Dorr Eugene Felt (1862--1930); Douglas Rayner Hartree (1897--1958); Dov Chevion (1917--1983); Edward Andrew Deeds (1874--1960); Emerson W. Pugh (1929--); Emst Georg Fischer (1852--1935); Ernest Galen Andrews (1898--1980); Fernando Jose Corbato (1926--); Frank August Engel, Jr. (1917--); Frank Taylor Cary (1920--); Frederic Calland Williams (1911--1977); Frederick Phillips Brooks, Ir. (1931--); Gary A. Kildall (1942--); Gaspard Schott (1608--1666); Gene Myron Amdahl (1922--); George Barnard Grant (1849--1917); George Bernard Dantzig (1914--); George Boole (1815--1864); George Robert Stibitz (1914--1995); George Winthrop Fairchild (1854--1924); Gordon E. Moore (1929--); Gordon S. Brown (1907--); Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646--1716); Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (1906--1992); Harold Locke Hazen (1901--1980); Harry Douglas Huskey (1916--); Heinz Zemanek (1920--); Henry Adams (1838--1918); Henry Briggs (1561--1630); Herbert Alexander Simon (1916--); Herman Heine Goldstine (1913--); Herman Hollerith (1860--1929); Herman Lukoff (1923--1979); Howard Hathaway Aiken (1900--1973); Isaac Levin Auerbach (1921--1992); J. Cliff Shaw (1922--1991); Jack St. Clair Kilby (1923--); James Franklin Forster (1908--1972); James Henry Rand (1886--1968); James Wares Bryce (1880--1949); Jay Wright Forrester (1918--); Jean E. Sammet (1928--); John Aleksander Rajchman (1911--1989); John Backus (1924--); John Diebold (1926--); John Grist Brainerd (1904--1988); John Hamilton Curtiss (1909--1977); John Henry Patterson (1844--1922); John K. Gore (1845--1910); John McCarthy (1927--); John Napier (1550--1617); John Presper Eckert, Jr. (1919--); John R. Opel (1925--); John R. Pasta (1918--1981); John Shaw Billings (1839--1913); John Vincent Atanasoff (1903-- ); John von Neumann (1903--1957); John Weber Carr (1923--); John William Mauchly (1907--1980); Joseph Boyer (1848--1905); Joseph Weizenbaum (1923--); Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752--1834); Jule Gregory Charney (1917--1981); Julian Bigelow (1913--); Julien Green (1924--); Kenneth Harry Olsen (1926--); Konrad Zuse (1910--); Kristen Nygaard (1926--); Leon Bollee (1870--1913); Leonardo Torres y Quevedo (1852--1936); Leslie John Comrie (1893--1950); Leslie Richard Groves (1896--1970); Louis ``Moll'' Nicot Ridenour, Jr. (1911--1959); Lyman Frank Baum (1856--1919); Martin Wiberg (1826--1905); Marvin Lee Minsky (1927--); Maurice d'Ocagne (1862--1938); Maurice Vincent Wilkes (1913--); Mina Spiegel Rees (1902--); Nicholas C. Metropolis (1915--); Niels Ivar Bech (1920--1975); Norbert Wiener (1894--1964); Ole-Johan Dahl (1931--); Overton Evans (1927--); Pehr Georg Scheutz (1785--1873); Percy E. Ludgate (1883--1922); Peter Naur (1928--); Philip Don Estridge (1938--1985); Pierre Jacquet-Droz (1700s); Ralph E. Griswold (1934--); Ralph Ernest Meagher (1917--); Ramon Lull (1235--1315); Ram{\'o}n Verea (1838--1899); Rene Grillet (1600s); Reynold B. Johnson (1906--); Richard Goodman (1911--1966); Richard Utman (1926--); Robert (Bob); Robert Mano Fano (1917--); Robert Norton Noyce (1927--); Robert Rivers Everett (1921--); Robert William Bemer (1920--); Samuel Morland (1625--1695); Saul Rosen (1922--1991); Simon Ramo (1913--); Stanley Gill (1926--1975); Stephen Gary Wozniak (1950--); Steven Paul Jobs (1955--); Theodore Henry Brown (1888--1973); Thomas John Watson (1874--1956); Thomas John Watson, Jr. (1914--); Vannevar Bush (1890--1974); Victor Mikhaylovich Glushkov (1923--1982); Vilhelm Bjerknes (1862--1951); Wallace John Eckert (1902--1971); Walter W. Jacobs (1914--1982); Wilhelm Schickard (1592--1635); Willgodt Theophil Odhner (1845--1905); William Bradford Shockley (1910--); William Frederick Friedman (1891--1969); William H. Gates (1955--); William Louis Van Den Poel (1926--); William Michael Blumenthal (1926--); William Seward Burroughs (1855--1898); William Stanley Jevons (1835--1882); Willis Howard Ware (1920--); Wolfgang von Kempelen (1734--1804)", subject = "Electronic data processing; Dictionaries; Biography", subject-dates = "Ada Augusta King, Countess of Lovelace (10 December 1815--27 November 1852); Claude Elwood Shannon (1916--2001); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", } @Article{LEcuyer:1987:FFR, author = "Pierre L'Ecuyer", title = "Formal Formatting Rules for {Pascal} Programs", journal = j-J-SYST-SOFTW, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "311--322", month = dec, year = "1987", CODEN = "JSSODM", ISSN = "0164-1212 (print), 1873-1228 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0164-1212", bibdate = "Wed Dec 16 15:40:53 MST 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/jsystsoftw.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliationaddress = "Univ Laval, Que, Can", classification = "723", journal-URL = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01641212", journalabr = "J Syst Software", keywords = "computer programming; computer programming languages --- Pascal; extended Backus-Naur form; formatting rules; language-based editors; Pascal programs; prettyprinting tools", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", } @InCollection{Slater:1987:JBM, author = "Robert Slater", title = "{John Backus}: The Man Who Invented {FORTRAN}", crossref = "Slater:1987:PS", chapter = "21", pages = "230--239", year = "1987", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0029", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 10:27:36 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Torii:1987:LPT, author = "Koji Torii and Yuji Sugiyama and Mamoru Fujii and Tadao Kasami and Yoshitomi Morisawa", title = "Logical Programming for the Telegram Analysis Problem", journal = j-COMP-LANGS, volume = "12", number = "1", pages = "9--20", month = "????", year = "1987", CODEN = "COLADA", ISSN = "0096-0551 (print), 1873-6742 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0096-0551", bibdate = "Tue Mar 25 14:04:06 MST 1997", bibsource = "Compendex database; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/complngs.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliationaddress = "Osaka Univ, Toyonaka, Jpn", classcodes = "C4210 (Formal logic); C6110 (Systems analysis and programming)", classification = "722; 723", corpsource = "Fac. of Eng. Sci., Osaka Univ., Japan", journal-URL = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00960551", journalabr = "Comput Lang", keywords = "Backus-Naur form; BNF; Clause Grammar; computer operating systems --- Program Compilers; computer programming; computer programming languages; Definite; definite clause grammar; grammars; logic programming; logical programming; PROLOG; Prolog; Prolog language; specification methods; telegram analysis; telegram analysis problem", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", treatment = "P Practical", } @Article{Weiss:1988:BOP, author = "Eric A. Weiss", title = "Biographies: Oh, Pioneers!", journal = j-ANN-HIST-COMPUT, volume = "10", number = "4", pages = "348--361", month = oct # "\slash " # dec, year = "1988", CODEN = "AHCOE5", ISSN = "0164-1239", ISSN-L = "0164-1239", bibdate = "Fri Nov 1 15:29:13 MST 2002", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/a/turing-alan-mathison.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/babbage-charles.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/f/forsythe-george-elmer.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/h/hoare-c-a-r.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/l/lovelace-ada-augusta.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/m/metropolis-nicholas.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/shannon-claude-elwood.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/t/tukey-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/t/turing-alan-mathison.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/mirrors/ftp.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Misc/annhistcomput.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/mirrors/ftp.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Parallel/super.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/mirrors/ftp.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Theory/cryptography.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/adabooks.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/annhistcomput.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cryptography.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fibquart.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/super.bib", URL = "http://dlib.computer.org/an/books/an1988/pdf/a4348.pdf; http://www.computer.org/annals/an1988/a4348abs.htm", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, annote = "This paper contains a brief summary of the contributions of 261 individuals to the development of computing.", fjournal = "Annals of the History of Computing", journal-URL = "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=5488650", keywords = "A. Porter; Aard van Wijngaarden; Adin D. Falkoff; Alan J. Perlis; Alan Kay; Alan M. Turing; Allen Newell; Allen W. M. Coombes; Alonzo Church; Alston Scott Householder; Amedee Mannheim; Andrei P. Ershov; Andrew Donald Booth; Andrew Fluegelman; Arnold A. Cohen; Arthur C. Clarke; Arthur Lee Samuel; Arthur Walter Burks; Arturo Rosenblueth; Augusta Ada King (nee Gordon); B. M. Derfee; Blaise Pascal; Bob O. Evans; Brian Havens; Brian Josephson; Brian Randell; Bruce G. Oldfield; C. Gordon Bell; C. J. Date; C. Sheldon Roberts; Carl Adam Petri; Carver Mead; Charles A. Phillips; Charles Antony Richard Hoare; Charles Babbage; Charles Bachman; Charles Xavier Thomas (Thomas de Colmar); Christopher S. Strachey; Clair D. Lake; Claude Elwood Shannon; Clifford E. Berry; Cuthbert C. Hurd; D. W. Davies; Dana Scott; Daniel Delbert McCracken; David J. Wheeler; David Packard; David Sarnoff; Dennis M. Ritchie; Derrick Henry Lehmer; Dionysius Lardner; Donald Ervin Knuth; Donald Lewis Shell; Donald Michie; Donn B. Parker; Dorr E. Felt; Douglas R. Hartree; E. H. Lennaerts; E. T. Irons; Earl R. Larson; Edgar F. Codd; Edmund C. Berkeley; Edsger W. Dijkstra; Edward E. Feigenbaum; Edward Joseph McCluskey; Edward L. (Ted) Glaser; Emil L. Post; Ernest R. Moore; Erwin Tomash; Eugene Kleiner; Fairchild Eight (Julius Blank, Victor H. Grinich, Jean A. Hoerni, Eugene Kleiner, Jay T. Last, Gordon E. Moore, Robert N. Noyce, and C. Sheldon Roberts); Fernando J. Corbat{\'o}; Fletcher Jones; Frances Elizabeth (Betty) Snyder Holberton; Francis Joseph Murray; Frank E. Hamilton; Frank Gray; Frank Rosenblatt; Frederic Calland Williams; Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.; Friedrich L. Bauer; G. B. Grant; G. Truman Hunter; Gene M. Amdahl; Georg and Edvard Scheub; George Bernard Dantzig; George Boole; George Elmer Forsythe; George H. Philbrick; George Robert Stibitz; Gerald M. Weinberg; Gerard Salton; Gordon E. Moore; Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz; Grace Murray Hopper; Harlan D. Mills; Harlan L. Herrick; Harold Chestnut; Harry Douglas Huskey; Harry H. Goode; Heinz Rutishauser; Helmut Schreyer; Henry Briggs; Henry P. Babbage; Herbert A. Simon; Herbert Leo Gelernter; Herbert R. J. Grosch; Herbert S. Bright; Herman Heine Goldstine; Herman Hollerith; Herman Lukoff; Howard Bromberg; Howard Hathaway Aiken; I. J. Good; Irven Travis; Isaac L. Auerbach; Ivan Edward Sutherland; J. Daniel Cougar; J. Presper Eckert, Jr.; Jack St. Clair Kilby; Jack Tramiel; Jackson Granholm [``kludge'']; James Hardy Wilkinson; James M. Henry; James William Cooley; Jan Aleksander Rajchman; Jay T. Last; Jay W. Forrester; Jean A. Hoerni; Jean E. Sammet; Jeffrey Chuan Chu; Jerrier A. Haddad; Jim Pommerene; John Bardeen; John Burns; John C. McPherson; John Clifford Shaw; John Diebold; John George Kemeny; John Grist Brainerd; John H. Curtiss; John McCarthy; John Napier; John Powers; John R. Pierce; John Todd; John Vincent Atanasoff; John von Neumann; John Warner Backus; John Weber Carr, III; John Wilder Tukey; John William Mauchly; Jonathan Swift; Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider; Joseph Chedaker; Joseph Clement; Joseph Frederick Traub; Joseph Marie Jacquard; Joseph Weizenbaum; Jules I. Schwartz; Julian Bigelow; Julius Blank; Karl Karlstrom; Ken Thompson; Kenneth Eugene Iverson; Kenneth H. Olsen; Konrad Zuse; L. F. Meabrea; Lejaren A. Hiller; Leonardo of Pisa a.k.a. Fibonacci; Leonardo Torres y Quevedo; Leslie John Comrie; Lord Kelvin (William Thomson); Louis Couffignal; Lynn Conway; L{\'e}on Boll{\'e}e; Marian Rejewski; Marvin L. Minsky; Maurice Howard Halstead; Maurice V. Wilkes; Max Palevsky; Maxwell H. A. Newman; Michael O. Rabin; Michael Woodger; Mina Rees; Mitchell D. Kapor; Mohammed ibn Musa Al-Khowarizmi; Morton Michael Astrahan; Nathaniel Rochester; Nicholas Constantine Metropolis; Niklaus Wirth; Noam Chomsky; Nolan Bushnell; Norbert Wiener; Oliver G. Selfridge; Orrin Edison Taulbee; Paul Allen; Percy Ludgate; Perry O. Crawford; Peter Naur; Ralph E. Gomory; Richard Clippinger; Richard Courant; Richard Ernest Bellman; Richard J. Canning; Richard M. Bloch; Richard P. Feynman; Richard Snyder; Richard V. D. Campbell; Richard Wesley Hamming; Robert H. Dennard; Robert N. Noyce; Robert R. Everett; Robert S. Barton; Robert Sarnoff; Robert W. Bemer; Robert W. Floyd; Roy Nutt; S. B. Williams; Samuel H. Caldwell; Samuel Morland; Samuel N. Alexander; Saul Rosen; Seymour Papert; Seymour R. Cray; Sidney Fernbach; Stanley Gill; Stephen A. Cook; Stephen Frank Baldwin; Stephen Wozniak; Steven Jobs; T. Vincent Learson; Thomas Eugene Kurtz; Thomas H. Flowers; Thomas J. Watson, Jr.; Thomas J. Watson, Sr.; Thomas Kite Sharpless; Tom Kilburn; Vannevar E Bush; Victor H. Grinich; Vladimar Zworykin; W. J. Deerhake; W. Renwick; W. T. Odhner; Wallace J, Eckert; Walter Pitts; Warren Sturgis McCulloch; Warren Weaver; Wassily Leontieff; Watson Davis; Werner Buchholz; Wilhelm Schickard; William C. Norris; William F. McClelland; William Gates; William Hewlett; William Leybourn; William Orchard-Hays; William Oughtred; William P. Heising; William Seward Burroughs", remark = "This paper contains a brief summary of the contributions of 261 individuals to the development of computing. Norbert Wiener appears incorrectly as Norbert Weiner in this article.", subject-dates = "Ada Augusta King, Countess of Lovelace (10 December 1815--27 November 1852); Charles Antony Richard Hoare (11 January 1934--5 March 2026); Claude Elwood Shannon (1916--2001); Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (11 May 1930--6 August 2002); Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); George Elmer Forsythe (8 January 1917--9 April 1972); Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918--10 November 1970); John von Neumann (28 December 1903--8 February 1957); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", } @Book{ANSI:1989:ANSc, author = "{American National Standards Institute}", title = "{American National Standard} for Information Systems programming and language: {Fortran 8X} draft", volume = "8(4)", publisher = pub-ACM, address = pub-ACM:adr, pages = "various", month = may, year = "1989", bibdate = "Mon Feb 24 15:49:20 MST 1997", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib", note = "Revision of X3.9-1978", series = "Fortran Forum", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, keywords = "FORTRAN (Computer program language)", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Manual{ANSI:1990:DPA, title = "Draft Proposed {American National Standard} Programming Language {Fortran} Extended {X3.198-199x}", organization = pub-ANSI, address = pub-ANSI:adr, day = "24", month = sep, year = "1990", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/master.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/standard.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", xxnote = "See also \cite{Metcalf:1987:FE}.", } @Article{Buchholz:1990:CQDa, author = "Werner Buchholz and R. Anthony Hyman and Maurice V. Wilkes and Richard E. Smith and George T. Jacobi and Alice R. Burks and Arthur W. Burks and I. Bernard Cohen and I. O. Grattan-Guinness and S. I. Gass and Mike Woodger", title = "Comments, Queries, and Debate: {Whiggism in the History of Science and the Study of the Life and Work of Charles Babbage}; {Whirlwind and Microprogramming}; {More on Wilkes, Whirlwind, and Microprogramming}; {Pioneer Biographies}; {The Atanasoff Story --- A Response}; {Notes on Babbage, Aiken, and Bowditch}; {Joseph Fourier's Anticipation of Linear Programming}; {What Does BNF Stand for?}", journal = j-ANN-HIST-COMPUT, volume = "12", number = "1", pages = "62--72", month = jan # "\slash " # mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "AHCOE5", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10011", ISSN = "0164-1239", ISSN-L = "0164-1239", bibdate = "Fri Nov 1 15:29:14 MST 2002", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/babbage-charles.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wilkes-maurice-v.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/adabooks.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/annhistcomput.bib", URL = "http://dlib.computer.org/an/books/an1990/pdf/a1062.pdf; http://www.computer.org/annals/an1990/a1062abs.htm", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "Sir Maurice Vincent Wilkes (26 June 1913--29 November 2010)", fjournal = "Annals of the History of Computing", journal-URL = "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=5488650", keywords = "BNF (Backus-Naur Form, NOT Backus Normal Form)", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", } @InProceedings{Aiken:1991:STI, author = "Alex Aiken and Brian Murphy", editor = "David S. Wise", booktitle = "{Conference record of the eighteenth annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages: Papers presented at the symposium, Orlando, Florida, January 21--23, 1991}", title = "Static type inference in a dynamically typed language", publisher = pub-ACM, address = pub-ACM:adr, bookpages = "vii + 366", pages = "279--290", year = "1991", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/99583.99621", ISBN = "0-89791-419-8 (paperback)", ISBN-13 = "978-0-89791-419-2 (paperback)", LCCN = "QA76.7 .A15 1991", bibdate = "Mon Jun 15 08:03:13 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", series = "POPL 91", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, collection = "POPL 91", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Book{ISO:1991:ISI, author = "{International Organization for Standardization} and {International Electrotechnical Commission}", title = "International standard: information, technology, programming languages, {Fortran}", publisher = pub-ISO, address = pub-ISO:adr, edition = "Second", pages = "xvii + 369", year = "1991", ISBN = "????", ISBN-13 = "????", LCCN = "????", bibdate = "Mon Feb 05 18:04:19 2001", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib", URL = "http://www.iso.ch/cate/d26933.html; http://www.iso.ch/cate/d26934.html; http://www.iso.ch/cate/d29926.html", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, annote = "Reference number ISO/IEC 1539:1991(E). ``This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 1980), which has been technically revised''--P. xii. ``This International Standard specifies the form and establishes the interpretation of programs expressed in the Fortran language (known informally as ``Fortran 90'')''--P. xiii.", keywords = "{Fortran} (Computer program language) --- Standards.", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @TechReport{Randell:1991:PBB, author = "Brian Randell", title = "Programming: from {Babbage} to {Backus}", type = "Technical report", number = "327", institution = "University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Computing Laboratory", address = "Newcastle upon Tyne, UK", pages = "17", month = jun, year = "1991", LCCN = "????", bibdate = "Sun Feb 3 11:39:24 MST 2013", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/babbage-charles.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; library.ox.ac.uk:210/ADVANCE", series = "Technical report series / University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Computing Laboratory", URL = "https://eprints.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/160290/DA7EC111-C6F7-4AB1-8820-98112C4BA279.pdf", abstract = "This paper, prepared for the Babbage Bi-Centennial Conference on `Computing', at the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine (London 1--3 July, 1991), gives a somewhat personal view of some of the origins and evolution of programming. It discusses Babbage's own contributions to what we now know as `programming', set against a background of the technology of his day, and the subsequent steps towards programming as developed for the early stored program electronic computers. Brief comments are also made on the later development of the subject, and on its present state and likely future.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject = "Electronic digital computers; Programming; History", subject-dates = "Charles Babbage (26 December 1791--18 October 1871); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Book{ANSI:1992:ANSc, author = "{American National Standards Institute} and {Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association}", title = "{American National Standard} for programming language, {FORTRAN} --- extended: {ANSI X3.198-1992}: {ISO\slash IEC} 1539: 1991 ({E})", publisher = pub-ANSI, address = pub-ANSI:adr, pages = "xix + 369", day = "21", month = sep, year = "1992", bibdate = "Mon Feb 24 15:49:20 MST 1997", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, annote = "Approved September 21, 1992", keywords = "Fortran (Computer program language); Fortran (Computer program language) --- Standards --- United; States", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Anonymous:1993:HPF, author = "Anonymous", title = "{High Performance Fortran}", journal = j-SCI-PROG, volume = "2", number = "1-2", pages = "1--170", month = "Spring--Summer", year = "1993", CODEN = "SCIPEV", ISSN = "1058-9244 (print), 1875-919X (electronic)", ISSN-L = "1058-9244", bibdate = "Sun Dec 22 10:19:23 MST 1996", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "C6110 (Systems analysis and programming); C6140D (High level languages)", fjournal = "Scientific Programming", journal-URL = "http://iospress.metapress.com/content/1058-9244", keywords = "ANSI standard; Fortran 90; High Performance Fortran; International Standard for Fortran; ISO standard", pubcountry = "USA", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", thesaurus = "ANSI standards; FORTRAN; ISO standards; Programming; Software standards", } @InProceedings{Bruggemann-Klein:1993:UERa, author = "A. Br{\"u}ggemann-Klein", title = "Unambiguity of extended regular expressions in {SGML} document grammars", crossref = "Lengauer:1993:AEF", bookpages = "ix + 418", pages = "73--84", month = sep # "--" # oct, year = "1993", bibdate = "Tue Sep 10 19:13:47 MDT 1996", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/sgml.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/string-matching.bib", series = ser-LNCS, abstract = "In the standard generalized markup language (SGML), document types are defined by context-free grammars in an extended Backus-Naur form. The right-hand side of a production is called a content model. Content models are extended regular expressions that have to be unambiguous in the sense that `an element \ldots{} that occurs in the document instance must be able to satisfy only one primitive content token without looking ahead in the document instance.' The author presents a linear-time algorithm that decides whether a given content model is unambiguous. A similar result has previously been obtained not for content models but for the smaller class of standard regular expressions. It relies on the fact that the languages of marked regular expressions are local --- a property that does not hold any more for content models that contain the new and ?-operator. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new techniques for content models. Besides solving an interesting problem in formal language theory, the author's results are relevant for developers of SGML systems. In fact, his definitions are causing changes to the revised edition of the SGML standard, and the algorithm to test content models for unambiguity has been implemented in an SGML parser.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Paderborn Univ., Fachbereich f{\"u}r Math. Inf., Germany", classification = "C4210 (Formal logic); C6140D (High level languages); C7108 (Desktop publishing)", confdate = "30 Sept.-2 Oct. 1993", conflocation = "Bad Honnef, Germany", keywords = "Backus-Naur form; Context-free grammars; Document types; Extended regular expressions; Formal language theory; Linear-time algorithm; Marked regular expressions; Parser; SGML document grammars; Standard generalized markup language", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", thesaurus = "Context-free grammars; Formal languages; Page description languages", } @Article{Anonymous:1994:AJB, author = "Anonymous", title = "Award for {John Backus}", journal = j-FORTRAN-FORUM, volume = "13", number = "1", pages = "17--17", month = mar, year = "1994", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/191559.1041030", ISSN = "1061-7264 (print), 1931-1311 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "1061-7264", bibdate = "Tue Apr 23 17:03:02 2002", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran-forum.bib", URL = "https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/191559.1041030", abstract = "Retired IBM Fellow John Backus was named recipient of the 1993 Charles Stark Draper Award, the highest honor of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE). \ldots{} Mr. Backus was cited `for the development of Fortran FORmula TRANslation --- the first general-purpose, high-level computer language, which ushered in the computer software revolution.'", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "ACM Fortran Forum", issue = "37", journal-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/loi/sigplan-fortran", remark = "The half-page announcement is on the last page of the PDF file at the DOI, which belongs to a previous article.", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Book{ISO:1994:IIIe, author = "{ISO}", title = "{ISO\slash IEC 1539-2:1994}: {Information} technology --- {Programming} languages --- {FORTRAN} --- {Part} 2: {Varying} length character strings", publisher = pub-ISO, address = pub-ISO:adr, pages = "66", year = "1994", ISBN = "????", ISBN-13 = "????", LCCN = "????", bibdate = "Wed Apr 26 11:35:51 2000", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib", note = "Available in English only.", price = "CHF 152", URL = "http://www.ansi.org/; http://www.iso.ch/cate/d6129.html", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, pricecode = "V", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Lewin:1994:FDR, author = "David I. Lewin", title = "{Fortran}'s Developer Receives Top Engineering Award", journal = j-COMPUT-PHYS, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "6--7", month = jan # "\slash " # feb, year = "1994", CODEN = "CPHYE2", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4823261", ISSN = "0894-1866 (print), 1558-4208 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0894-1866", bibdate = "Wed Apr 10 08:45:45 MDT 2019", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/computphys.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib", URL = "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4823261", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, ajournal = "Comput. Phys", fjournal = "Computers in Physics", journal-URL = "https://aip.scitation.org/journal/cip", remark = "An interview with John Backus.", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Aiken:1995:SST, author = "Alexander Aiken and John H. Williams and Edward L. Wimmers", title = "Safe: a Semantic Technique for Transforming Programs in the Presence of Errors", journal = j-TOPLAS, volume = "17", number = "1", pages = "63--84", month = jan, year = "1995", CODEN = "ATPSDT", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/200994.201002", ISSN = "0164-0925 (print), 1558-4593 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0164-0925", bibdate = "Fri Jan 5 07:58:42 MST 1996", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toplas.bib", URL = "http://www.acm.org/pubs/toc/Abstracts/0164-0925/201002.html", abstract = "Language designers and implementors have avoided specifying and preserving the meaning of programs that produce errors. This is apparently because being forced to preserve error behavior limits severely the scope of program optimization, even for correct programs. However, error behavior preservation is desirable for debugging, and error behavior must be preserved in any language that permits user-generated errors (i.e., exceptions).\par This article presents a technique for expressing general program transformations for languages that possess a rich collection of distinguishable error values. This is accomplished by defining a higher-order function called {\bf Safe}, which can be used to annotate those portions of a program that are guaranteed not to produce errors. It is shown that this facilitates the expression of very general program transformations, effectively giving program transformations in a language with many error values the same power and generality as program transformations in a language with only a single error value.\par Using the semantic properties of {\bf Safe}, it is possible to provide some useful sufficient conditions for establishing the correctness of transformations in the presence of errors. In particular, a Substitutability theorem is proven, which can be used to justify ``in-context'' optimizations: transformations that alter the meanings of subexpressions without changing the meaning of the whole program. Finally, the effectiveness of the technique is demonstrated by some examples of its use in an optimizing compiler.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, ajournal = "ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst.", fjournal = "ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems", journal-URL = "http://portal.acm.org/browse_dl.cfm?idx=J783", keywords = "languages; theory", subject = "{\bf D.3.4}: Software, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, Processors, Optimization. {\bf D.3.1}: Software, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, Formal Definitions and Theory, Semantics.", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Book{ANSI:1997:AII, author = "{American National Standards Institute}", title = "{ANSI\slash ISO\slash IEC 1539-1:1997}: Information technology --- Programming languages --- {Fortran} --- Part 1: Base language", publisher = pub-ANSI, address = pub-ANSI:adr, pages = "????", year = "1997", ISBN = "????", ISBN-13 = "????", LCCN = "????", bibdate = "Tue Dec 12 06:10:00 2000", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/ansistd.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib", price = "US\$18.00", URL = "http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ANSI%2FISO%2FIEC+1539%2D1%3A1997; http://www.fortran.com/fortran/iso1539.html", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Book{ISO:1997:IIIa, author = "{ISO}", title = "{ISO\slash IEC 1539-1:1997}: Information technology --- Programming languages --- {Fortran} --- Part 1: Base language", publisher = pub-ISO, address = pub-ISO:adr, pages = "????", year = "1997", ISBN = "????", ISBN-13 = "????", LCCN = "????", bibdate = "Tue Dec 12 06:10:00 2000", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib", price = "US\$195.00", URL = "http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ISO%2FIEC+1539%2D1%3A1997", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Book{ISO:1997:IIIg, author = "{ISO}", title = "{ISO\slash IEC 1539-1:1997}: {Information} technology --- {Programming} languages --- {Fortran} --- {Part} 1: {Base} language", publisher = pub-ISO, address = pub-ISO:adr, pages = "346", year = "1997", ISBN = "????", ISBN-13 = "????", LCCN = "????", bibdate = "Tue Dec 12 07:20:56 2000", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib", note = "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 5. This is the Fortran 95 Standard. Available in English only.", price = "CHF 288", URL = "http://www.ansi.org/; http://www.fortran.com/fortran/Books/f95std.html; http://www.iso.ch/cate/d26933.html", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, pricecode = "XH", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Book{ISO:1998:IITc, author = "{ISO}", title = "{ISO\slash IEC TR 15580:1998}: {Information} technology --- {Programming} languages --- {Fortran} --- {Floating-point} exception handling", publisher = pub-ISO, address = pub-ISO:adr, pages = "27", year = "1998", ISBN = "????", ISBN-13 = "????", LCCN = "????", bibdate = "Tue Dec 12 06:45:58 2000", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib", note = "Available in English only.", price = "CHF 104; US\$72.00", URL = "http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ISO%2FIEC+TR+15580%3A1998; http://www.iso.ch/cate/d28230.html", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, pricecode = "N", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Book{ISO:1998:IITd, author = "{ISO}", title = "{ISO\slash IEC TR 15581:1998}: {Information} technology --- {Programming} languages --- {Fortran} --- {Enhanced} data type facilities", publisher = pub-ISO, address = pub-ISO:adr, pages = "13", year = "1998", ISBN = "????", ISBN-13 = "????", LCCN = "????", bibdate = "Tue Dec 12 06:46:00 2000", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib", note = "Available in English only.", price = "CHF 68; US\$46.00", URL = "http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ISO%2FIEC+TR+15581%3A1998; http://www.iso.ch/cate/d28231.html", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, pricecode = "G", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Book{ISO:1999:IIIe, author = "{ISO}", title = "{ISO\slash IEC 1539-3:1999}: {Information} technology --- {Programming} languages --- {Fortran} --- {Part} 3: {Conditional} compilation", publisher = pub-ISO, address = pub-ISO:adr, pages = "21", year = "1999", ISBN = "????", ISBN-13 = "????", LCCN = "????", bibdate = "Tue Dec 12 06:46:08 2000", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib", note = "Available in English only.", price = "CHF 92; US\$62.00", URL = "http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ISO%2FIEC+1539%2D3%3A1999; http://www.iso.ch/cate/d29926.html", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, pricecode = "L", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Cipra:2000:BCE, author = "Barry A. Cipra", title = "The Best of the {20th Century}: Editors Name Top 10 Algorithms", journal = j-SIAM-NEWS, volume = "33", number = "4", pages = "1--2", month = may, year = "2000", ISSN = "0036-1437", ISSN-L = "0036-1437", bibdate = "Thu Sep 03 19:34:45 2020", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/h/hoare-c-a-r.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/h/householder-alston-s.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/l/lanczos-cornelius.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/m/metropolis-nicholas.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/stiefel-eduard.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/t/tukey-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/u/ulam-stanislaw-m.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/subjects/fastmultipole.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib", URL = "https://archive.siam.org/pdf/news/637.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "SIAM News", journal-URL = "http://www.siam.org/news/", keywords = "1946: Monte Carlo method (John von Neumann, Stan Ulam, and Nick Metropolis); 1947: simplex method for linear programming (George Dantzig); 1950: Krylov subspace iteration methods and conjugate gradient (Magnus Hestenes, Eduard Stiefel, and Cornelius Lanczos); 1951: decompositional approach to matrix computations (Alston Householder); 1957: Fortran optimizing compiler (John Backus); 1959--1961: QR algorithm (J. G. F. Francis); 1962: Quicksort (Tony Hoare); 1965: Fast Fourier Transform (James Cooley and John Tukey); 1977: integer relation detection algorithm (Helaman Ferguson and Rodney Forcade); 1987: fast multipole algorithm (Leslie Greengard and Vladimir Rokhlin)", subject-dates = "Alston Scott Householder (5 May 1904--4 July 1993); Charles Antony Richard Hoare (11 January 1934--5 March 2026); Cornelius Lanczos (2 February 1893--25 June 1974); Eduard Stiefel (21 April 1909--25 November 1978); George Bernard Dantzig (8 November 1914--13 May 2005); James William Cooley (1926--June 29, 2016); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); John Wilder Tukey (16 June 1915--26 July 2000); Magnus Rudolph Hestenes (13 February 1906--31 May 1991); Neumann J{\'a}nos (28 December 1903--8 February 1957); Nicholas Constantine Metropolis (11 June 1915--17 October 1999); Stanis{\l}aw Marcin Ulam (13 April 1909--13 May 1984)", } @Book{ISO:2000:IIIe, author = "{ISO}", title = "{ISO\slash IEC 1539-2:2000}: Information technology --- Programming languages --- {Fortran} --- Part 2: Varying length character strings", publisher = pub-ISO, address = pub-ISO:adr, pages = "????", year = "2000", ISBN = "????", ISBN-13 = "????", LCCN = "????", bibdate = "Tue Dec 12 06:10:00 2000", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib", price = "US\$58.00", URL = "http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ISO%2FIEC+1539%2D2%3A2000", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Book{Knuth:2003:SPC, author = "Donald E. Knuth", title = "Selected Papers on Computer Languages", volume = "139", publisher = pub-CSLI, address = pub-CSLI:adr, pages = "xviii + 594", year = "2003", ISBN = "1-57586-381-2 (hardcover), 1-57586-382-0 (paperback)", ISBN-13 = "978-1-57586-381-8 (hardcover), 978-1-57586-382-5 (paperback)", LCCN = "QA76.7 .K63 2002", MRclass = "68N15 (01A75 68-03 68-06)", MRnumber = "MR2019164 (2005b:68045)", MRreviewer = "Julian Padget", bibdate = "Thu Sep 30 07:16:32 2004", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/litprog.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/master.bib", series = "CSLI Lecture Notes", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classmath = "68-03 (Historical (computer science)); 00B60 (Collections of reprinted articles); 01A75 (Collected or selected works); 68-02 (Research monographs (computer science))", keywords = "Algol; attribute grammars; automata; BNF; compiler; Fortran; programming history; programming language; semantics; syntax", remark = "This book is the fifth volume of the papers written by Donald E. Knuth, the pioneer of computer science. The previous volumes were: 1. Literate Programming (1992); 2. Selected Papers on Computer Science (1996; Zbl 0866.68002); 3. Digital Typography (1999; Zbl 0927.68109); 4. Selected Papers on Analysis of Algorithms (2000; Zbl 0966.68082). This fifth volume contains 25 papers on programming languages, their syntax, semantics and translation. The book begins with a survey `The Early Development of Programming Languages' originally published in 1977. It is followed by the well known paper `Backus Normal Form versus Backus Naur Form' (1964). Five papers are concerned with Algol-60, two with SOL. The remaining papers deal with the theory of programming languages, context-free languages, formal semantics, attribute grammars, compilers, algebraic translation, coroutine generation, etc. The reader will be able to see the early history and development of fundamental concepts that have now become thoroughly integrated into modern software systems.", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", tableofcontents = "1: The Early Development of Programming Languages \\ 2: Backus Normal Form versus Backus Naur Form \\ 3: Teaching ALGOL 60 \\ 4: ALGOL 60 Confidential \\ 5: Smalgol-61 \\ 6: Man or Boy? \\ 7: A Proposal for Input-Output Conventions in ALGOL 60 \\ 8: The Remaining Trouble Spots in ALGOL 60 \\ 9: SOL \\ A Symbolic Language for Systems Simulation \\ 10: A Formal Definition of SOL \\ 11: The Science of Programming Languages \\ 12: Programming Languages for Automata \\ 13: A Characterization of Parenthesis Languages \\ 14: Top-Down Syntax Analysis \\ 15: On the Translation of Languages from Left to Right \\ 16: Context-Free Multilanguages \\ 17: Semantics of Context-Free Languages \\ 18: Examples of Formal Semantics", xxpages = "xvi + 594", zz-isbn = "1-57586-381-2 (hardback), 1-57586-382-0 (paperback)", } @Book{ISO:2004:DIS, author = "{ISO}", title = "{Draft International Standard ISO\slash IEC 1539-1:2004(E): Information technology --- Programming languages --- Fortran Part 1: Base Language}", publisher = pub-ISO, address = pub-ISO:adr, pages = "xiv + 569", month = may, year = "2004", bibdate = "Tue Feb 07 07:44:15 2006", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib", URL = "ftp://ftp.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/N1601-N1650/N1601.pdf.gz", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", xxISBN = "????", xxLCCN = "", } @Book{ISO:2004:IIIa, author = "{ISO}", title = "{ISO\slash IEC 1539-1:2004 Information technology --- Programming languages --- Fortran -- Part 1: Base language}", publisher = pub-ISO, address = pub-ISO:adr, pages = "xiv + 569", year = "2004", bibdate = "Sat Dec 11 10:28:50 2010", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib", URL = "http://www.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/open/n3661.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", xxISBN = "????", xxLCCN = "", } @Misc{Booch:2006:OHJ, author = "Grady Booch", title = "Oral History of {John Backus}", howpublished = "Web document.", day = "5", month = sep, year = "2006", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 07:43:12 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", URL = "http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Backus_John/Backus_John_1.oral_history.2006.102657970.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, remark-1 = "From page 4: ``Backus: \ldots{} It [the Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC)] filled a room that was about, let's see, 50 feet wide by 100 feet deep. \ldots{} It was a fun machine. It would make an error about every three minutes and you had to stop and figure out how to restart the thing.''", remark-2 = "From page 9: ``\ldots{} the [IBM] 704 being the first machine with core memory \ldots{}''", remark-3 = "From page 10: ``Backus: \ldots{} I sort of credit myself with getting index registers and stuff and floating point built into the [IBM] 704, because the designers were just totally preoccupied in getting a drum unit designed.''", remark-4 = "From page 11: ``Backus: \ldots{} I was on the design team for the [IBM] 704.''", remark-5 = "From page 13: ``Backus: \ldots{} the core of that [the FORTRAN compiler design team] was more like eight.''", remark-6 = "From page 23: ``Backus: \ldots{} The original compiler was, if I remember, about 30,000 instructions.''", remark-7 = "From page 26: ``'Backus: \ldots{} I got an invitation from Berkeley to be a visiting professor there. I went out and I spent a year at Berkeley. \ldots{} Never gave a lecture, just sat around in the engineering building. At the end of the year they were so pleased with my performance they invited me to be a visiting professor for another year. Again, never gave a lecture, and so that's how I kind of got moved out to the West Coast.'", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @InProceedings{Essalmi:2006:GUV, author = "F. Essalmi and L. J. B. Ayed", editor = "Kinshuk and Rob Koper and Piet Kommers and Paul Kirschner and Demetrios G. Sampson and Wim Didderen", booktitle = "Sixth {IEEE} International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies ({ICALT'06}), {5--7 July 2006, Kerkrade, The Netherlands}", title = "Graphical {UML} View from Extended {Backus--Naur Form} Grammars", publisher = pub-IEEE, address = pub-IEEE:adr, pages = "544--546", year = "2006", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1109/ICALT.2006.1652498", ISBN = "0-7695-2632-2", ISBN-13 = "978-0-7695-2632-4", LCCN = "LB1028.43.I315 2006", bibdate = "Mon Jun 8 10:09:19 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, keywords = "Cognitive science; Computer languages; Context; Production; Space technology; Unified modeling language; Visualization", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", } @Article{Aiken:2007:MJW, author = "Alex Aiken", title = "In Memoriam: {John W. Backus}, 1924--2007", journal = j-LOGIN, volume = "32", number = "3", pages = "68--69", month = jun, year = "2007", CODEN = "LOGNEM", ISSN = "1044-6397", ISSN-L = "1044-6397", bibdate = "Fri Dec 7 11:34:29 MST 2012", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/usenix2000.bib; https://www.usenix.org/publications/login", URL = "https://www.usenix.org/publications/login/june-2007-volume-32-number-3/memoriam-john-w-backus-1924%E2%80%932007", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = ";login: the USENIX Association newsletter", keywords = "BNF (Backus--Naur Form, or Backus Normal Form); FORTRAN language", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", } @Article{Campbell-Kelly:2007:JB, author = "Martin Campbell-Kelly", title = "{John Backus} (1924--2007)", journal = j-NATURE, volume = "446", number = "7139", pages = "998--998", day = "26", month = apr, year = "2007", CODEN = "NATUAS", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1038/446998a", ISSN = "0028-0836 (print), 1476-4687 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0028-0836", bibdate = "Thu Jun 11 10:20:22 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "Nature", journal-URL = "http://www.nature.com/nature/archive/", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", xissn = "1476-4687", } @Misc{Lohr:2007:JWB, author = "Steve Lohr", title = "{John W. Backus}, 82, {Fortran} Developer, Dies", howpublished = "New York Times obituary.", day = "19", month = mar, year = "2007", bibdate = "Tue Mar 20 18:50:35 2007", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib", URL = "http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/19/obituaries/20cnd-backus.html?ex=3D1332043200&en=3Dadde3ee5a1875330&ei=3D5124&partner=3Dpermalink&exprod=3Dpermalink", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Bjorner:2008:JWB, author = "Dines Bj{\o}rner", title = "{John Warner Backus: 3 Dec 1924--17 March 2007}", journal = j-FORM-ASP-COMPUT, volume = "20", number = "3", pages = "239--240", month = may, year = "2008", CODEN = "FACME5", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00165-008-0077-4", ISSN = "0934-5043 (print), 1433-299X (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0934-5043", bibdate = "Tue Mar 17 20:58:27 MDT 2015", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/formaspcomput.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib", URL = "http://link.springer.com/accesspage/article/10.1007/s00165-008-0077-4; http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00165-008-0077-4", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "Formal Aspects of Computing", journal-URL = "http://link.springer.com/journal/165", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Misc{Anonymous:2010:JBF, author = "Anonymous", title = "{John Backus}: 1997 {Fellow Award} Recipient", howpublished = "Web document", year = "2010", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 07:55:24 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", note = "For his development of FORTRAN, contributions to computer systems theory and software project management.", URL = "https://web.archive.org/web/20100709005030/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/John,Backus/", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Book{ISO:2010:IIIb, author = "{ISO}", title = "{ISO\slash IEC 1539-1:2010 Information technology --- Programming languages --- Fortran --- Part 1: Base language}", publisher = pub-ISO, address = pub-ISO:adr, pages = "xviii + 603", month = jun, year = "2010", bibdate = "Sat Dec 11 10:30:13 2010", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/isostd.bib", URL = "ftp://ftp.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/N1801-N1850/N1830.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", xxISBN = "????", xxLCCN = "", } @Misc{Chen:2016:GAT, author = "Jiahao Chen", title = "``{This} guy's arrogance takes your breath away'': Letters between {John W Backus} and {Edsger W Dijkstra}, 1979", howpublished = "Web site.", day = "29", month = may, year = "2016", bibdate = "Fri Dec 08 18:42:39 2017", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib", note = "See Dijkstra's response \cite{Dijkstra:1978:RTA} to Backus' Turing Award Lecture.", URL = "https://medium.com/@acidflask/this-guys-arrogance-takes-your-breath-away-5b903624ca5f", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, remark = "This interesting exchange of letters shows how heated relations can sometimes become between scientists, even those who know each other well, as Dijkstra and Backus did.", subject-dates = "Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (11 May 1930--6 August 2002); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Misc{McJones:2017:RJB, author = "Paul McJones", title = "Remembering {John Backus}", howpublished = "Web site.", day = "1", month = apr, year = "2017", bibdate = "Sat Mar 17 09:50:16 2018", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib", URL = "https://www.mcjones.org/dustydecks/archives/2007/04/01/60/", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Misc{Anonymous:2022:JB, author = "Anonymous", title = "{John Backus}", howpublished = "Web site", year = "2022", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 08:39:05 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", note = "Contains links to a video of an address by John Backus to the Los Alamos International History of Computing Conference, June 1976.", URL = "http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/backus.html", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Nechesov:2022:SQPa, author = "Andre{\u{\i}} Vital'evich Nech{\"e}sov", title = "Some questions on polynomially computable representations for generating grammars and {Backus--Naur} forms", journal = "Matematicheskie Trudy", volume = "25", number = "1", pages = "134--151", year = "2022", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.33048/mattrudy.2022.25.106", ISSN = "1560-750X", MRclass = "68Q42 68N30", bibdate = "Mon Jun 8 08:20:12 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib", ZMnumber = "1527.68118", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, ajournal = "Mat. Tr.", fjournal = "Matematicheskie Trudy", language = "Russian", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", ZBmath = "7763256", } @Article{Nechesov:2022:SQPb, author = "A. V. Nechesov", title = "Some questions on polynomially computable representations for generating grammars and {Backus--Naur} forms", journal = "Siberian Advances in Mathematics", volume = "32", number = "4", pages = "299--309", year = "2022", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1134/s1055134422040058", ISSN = "1055-1344 (print), 1934-8126 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "1055-1344", MRclass = "68Q42", MRnumber = "4590407", bibdate = "Mon Jun 8 08:12:23 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib", note = "Translation of \booktitle{Matematicheskie Trudy} {\bf 25} (2022), no. 1, 134--151.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, ajournal = "Siberian Adv. Math.", fjournal = "Siberian Advances in Mathematics", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", } @InProceedings{Popov:2024:ABN, author = "George Popov and Antoaneta Popova", editor = "????", booktitle = "2024 12th International Scientific Conference on Computer Science ({COMSCI})", title = "Application of {Backus--Naur Forms} for Investigation [of] Financial Customs Violations", publisher = pub-IEEE, address = pub-IEEE:adr, pages = "1--4", year = "2024", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1109/COMSCI63166.2024.10778518", bibdate = "Mon Jun 8 10:09:19 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, keywords = "Accuracy; Adaptation models; AI; Artificial intelligence; Automation; Backus-Naur Form; Couplings; Documentation; Expert systems; Financial Customs Violations (FCV); Fraud; Grammar; Legal Analysis; Syntactics", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", } @Misc{Anonymous:20xx:JBF, author = "Anonymous", title = "{John Backus}: Formula Translator", howpublished = "Web document.", year = "20xx", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 07:52:26 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", URL = "https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/john-backus", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Misc{IBM:20xx:JB, author = "{IBM}", title = "{John Backus}", howpublished = "Web site.", year = "20xx", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 08:42:42 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", note = "Includes an interview.", URL = "http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_backus.html", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } %%% ==================================================================== %%% Part 3 (of 3): publication by others about the FL and FP languages %%% %%% Bibliography entries, sorted by year and then by citation label, %%% with ``bibsort -byyear'': @Book{Chiarini:1980:BFS, author = "A. Chiarini", title = "{BACKUS-FP}: un sistema per la programmazione funzionale. {Versione} 1.0. ({Italian}) [{BACKUS-FP}: a system for functional programming. {Version} 1.0]", volume = "80", publisher = "Comitato Nazionale Energia Nucleare", address = "Rome, Italy", year = "1980", MRclass = "68N01 68N99", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 11:11:18 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", ZMnumber = "0442.68003", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, aseries = "Com. Naz. Energ. Nucl.", fseries = "Comitato Nazionale Energia Nucleare", language = "Italian", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", ZBmath = "3690657", } @TechReport{Williams:1980:DAF, author = "John H. Williams", title = "On the development of the algebra of functional programs", type = "Report", number = "RJ2983", institution = "IBM Research Laboratory", address = "San Jose, CA, USA", year = "1980", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 16:40:53 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Bauer:1981:PWS, author = "F. L. Bauer and M. Broy and W. Dosch and R. Gnatz and B. Krieg-Br{\"u}ckner and A. Laut and M. Luckmann and T. Matzner and B. M{\"o}ller and H. Partsch and P. Pepper and K. Samelson and R. Steinbr{\"u}ggen and M. Wirsing and H. W{\"o}ssner", title = "Programming in a Wide Spectrum Language: a Collection of Examples", journal = j-SCI-COMPUT-PROGRAM, volume = "1", number = "1--2", pages = "73--114", month = oct, year = "1981", CODEN = "SCPGD4", ISSN = "0167-6423 (print), 1872-7964 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0167-6423", MRclass = "68N01 68Q60 68P05", bibdate = "Sun Aug 23 11:50:06 2020", bibsource = "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Ai/planning.scheduling.bib; ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Compiler/action.semantics.bib; ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Misc/Functional.bib; ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Misc/HBP/SCP.bib; ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Misc/Hypatia/B/BroyM.bib; ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/SE/obscure.bib; http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01676423; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/scicomputprogram.bib", ZMID = "03736981", ZMnumber = "0469.68003", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May 1980)", fjournal = "Science of Computer Programming", journal-URL = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01676423/", keywords = "abstract data types; Backus' functional programming language; interpreter; non-operative specifications; predicate logic; procedural programs; program representations; recursive functions; text editor; transformation rules", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Unpublished{Williams:1981:NFS, author = "John H. Williams", title = "Notes on the {FP} style of functional programming", month = jul, year = "1981", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 16:42:19 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", note = "Lecture notes for the course \booktitle{Functional Programming and its Applications}, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Williams:1982:DAF, author = "John H. Williams", title = "On the Development of the Algebra of Functional Programs", journal = j-TOPLAS, volume = "4", number = "4", pages = "733--757", month = oct, year = "1982", CODEN = "ATPSDT", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/69622.357193", ISSN = "0164-0925 (print), 1558-4593 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0164-0925", bibsource = "Compiler/bevan.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toplas.bib", abstract = "The development of the algebraic approach to reasoning about functional programs that was introduced by Backus in his Turing Award Lecture is furthered. Precise definitions for the foundations on which the algebra is based are given, and some new expansion theorems that broaden the class of functions for which this approach is applicable are proved. In particular, the class of ``overrun-tolerant'' forms, nonlinear forms that include some of the familiar divide-and-conquer program schemes, are defined; an expansion theorem for such forms is proved; and that theorem is used to show how to derive expansions for some programs defined by nonlinear forms.", acknowledgement = ack-pb, ajournal = "ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst.", checked = "19940302", fjournal = "ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems", journal-URL = "http://portal.acm.org/browse_dl.cfm?idx=J783", keywords = "algebraic approaches to semantics; applicative (functional) programming; correctness proofs; functional constructs; semantics; transformations", sjb = "Looks dated now", source = "Dept. Library", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @InProceedings{Williams:1982:NFS, author = "John H. Williams", editor = "J. Darlington and P. Henderson and D. A. Turner", booktitle = "Functional Programming and its Applications", title = "Notes on the {FP} Style of Functional Programming", publisher = pub-CAMBRIDGE, address = pub-CAMBRIDGE:adr, pages = "??--??", year = "1982", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 16:46:48 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @InProceedings{Dosch:1983:ASB, author = "Walter Dosch and Bernhard M{\"o}ller", booktitle = "{GI - 13. Jahrestagung, Hamburg, 3--7 Oktober 1983 Proceedings}", title = "An algebraic semantics for {Backus}' functional programming language with infinite objects", volume = "73", publisher = pub-SV, address = pub-SV:adr, pages = "67--85", year = "1983", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69298-7_7", MRclass = "68N01 68Q60 68P05", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 11:11:18 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", ZMnumber = "0517.68022", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", ZBmath = "3819065", } @Article{Broy:1985:SAS, author = "Manfred Broy", title = "Structured algebraic specification of {Backus}' functional programming language", journal = "RAIRO. Technique et Science Informatiques", volume = "4", pages = "447--458", year = "1985", ISSN = "0752-4072 (print), 2116-5920 (electronic)", MRclass = "68N01 68P05", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 11:11:18 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", ZMnumber = "0567.68009", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, ajournal = "RAIRO, Tech. Sci. Inf.", fjournal = "RAIRO. Technique et Science Informatiques", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", ZBmath = "3905828", } @InProceedings{Halpern:1985:DSR, author = "Joseph Y. Halpern and John H. Williams and Edward L. Wimmers and Timothy C. Winkler", editor = "Mary S. {Van Deusen} and Zvi Galil and Brian K. Reid", booktitle = "Proceedings of the {12th ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium on Principles of programming languages --- POPL '85, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, January 14--16, 1985}", title = "Denotational semantics and rewrite rules for {FP}", publisher = pub-ACM, address = pub-ACM:adr, bookpages = "ii + 340", pages = "108--120", year = "1985", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/318593.318623", ISBN = "0-89791-147-4", ISBN-13 = "978-0-89791-147-4", bibdate = "Mon Jun 15 07:43:02 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", series = "POPL '85", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, collection = "POPL '85", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @InProceedings{Halpern:1986:GRS, author = "Joseph Y. Halpern and John H. Williams and Edward L. Wimmers", editor = "????", booktitle = "Proceedings of the {First Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS 1986), Cambridge, MA, USA, 16--18 June 1986}", title = "Good rewrite strategies for {FP}", publisher = pub-IEEE, address = pub-IEEE:adr, pages = "149--162", year = "1986", bibdate = "Mon Jun 15 07:51:23 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", URL = "https://lics.siglog.org/archive/1986/; https://lics.siglog.org/archive/1986/HalpernWilliamsWimm-GoodRewriteStrategi.html", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @InProceedings{Nori:1986:GBF, author = "Kesav V. Nori", title = "A generalization of {Backus}' {FP}", crossref = "Srinivas:1986:GBF", pages = "124--143", year = "1986", MRclass = "68N01 68Q60", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 11:11:18 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", ZMnumber = "0604.68010", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", ZBmath = "3976296", } @Article{Pagan:1986:FTB, author = "Frank G. Pagan", title = "On the feasibility of teaching {Backus}-type functional programming ({FP}) as a first language", journal = j-SIGCSE, volume = "18", number = "3", pages = "31--35", day = "1", month = sep, year = "1986", CODEN = "SIGSD3", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/378905.378929", ISSN = "0097-8418 (print), 2331-3927 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0097-8418", bibdate = "Sun Nov 18 07:38:26 MST 2012", bibsource = "http://portal.acm.org/; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/sigcse1980.bib", abstract = "In an attempt to demonstrate that Backus-type functional programming (FP) might be made as palatable and understandable as conventional programming to the computing novice, the author has written an introductory textbook-style description of a small FP system. This paper describes and summarizes that description. It is concluded that teachability concerns should not present an obstacle for FP's possible future success.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "SIGCSE Bulletin (ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Science Education)", journal-URL = "http://portal.acm.org/browse_dl.cfm?idx=J688", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @InProceedings{Halpern:1987:FAE, author = "Joseph Y. Halpern and Edward L. Wimmers", editor = "????", booktitle = "Proceedings of the {Second Annual Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS 1987), Ithaca, NY, 22--25 June 1987}", title = "Full Abstraction and Expressive Completeness for {FP}", publisher = pub-IEEE, address = pub-IEEE:adr, bookpages = "xi + 361", pages = "246--271", year = "1987", ISBN = "0-8186-0793-9, 0-8186-4793-0, 0-8186-8793-2", ISBN-13 = "978-0-8186-0793-6, 978-0-8186-4793-2, 978-0-8186-8793-8", LCCN = "????", bibdate = "Mon Jun 15 07:53:29 2026", URL = "https://lics.siglog.org/archive/1987/; https://lics.siglog.org/archive/1987/HalpernWimmers-FullAbstractionandE.html", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, remark = "Selected papers were later republished in a shorter volume by North Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, \booktitle{Annals of Pure and Applied Logic}, ISSN 0168-0072, volume 51, number 1--2, 14 March 1991, but this 1987 paper is not included there.", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Radensky:1987:LEN, author = "A. Radensky", title = "Lazy evaluation and nondeterminism make {Backus}' {FP}-systems more practical", journal = j-SIGPLAN, volume = "22", number = "4", pages = "33--40", month = apr, year = "1987", CODEN = "SINODQ", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/24714.24718", ISSN = "0362-1340 (print), 1523-2867 (print), 1558-1160 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0362-1340", bibdate = "Sun Dec 14 09:15:10 MST 2003", bibsource = "http://portal.acm.org/; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/sigplan1980.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, fjournal = "ACM SIGPLAN Notices", journal-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/loi/sigplan", keywords = "languages; theory", subject = "D.3.2 Software, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, Language Classifications, FP \\ F.1.2 Theory of Computation, COMPUTATION BY ABSTRACT DEVICES, Modes of Computation, Alternation and nondeterminism", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Robison:1987:IFPa, author = "Arch D. Robison", title = "{Illinois} Functional Programming: a Tutorial", journal = j-BYTE, volume = "12", number = "2", pages = "115--125", month = feb, year = "1987", CODEN = "BYTEDJ", ISSN = "0360-5280 (print), 1082-7838 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0360-5280", bibdate = "Mon Jun 15 08:08:00 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", URL = "https://archive.org/details/BYTE-MAGAZINE-COMPLETE/198702_Byte_Magazine_Vol_12-02_Image_Processing/page/n139", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, fjournal = "BYTE Magazine", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @InProceedings{Robison:1987:IFPb, author = "A. D. Robison", editor = "Richard L. Wexelblat", booktitle = "Papers of the Symposium on Interpreters and interpretive techniques --- {SIGPLAN '87, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, June 24--26, 1987}", title = "The {Illinois} functional programming interpreter", publisher = pub-ACM, address = pub-ACM:adr, bookpages = "viii + 291", pages = "64--73", year = "1987", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/29650.29657", ISBN = "0-89791-235-7", ISBN-13 = "978-0-89791-235-8", ISSN = "0362-1340 (print), 1523-2867 (print), 1558-1160 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0362-1340", LCCN = "QA76.7 A84 v. 22, no. 7", bibdate = "Mon Jun 15 08:09:40 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", series = "SIGPLAN 87", abstract = "The Illinois Functional Programming (IFP) language is a modified version of Backus' FP(1). IFP has the same side-effect free combinator style of Backus FP, while introducing an ALGOL-like syntax and structure. While IFP superficially appears to be an inefficient language to execute, its simplicity makes it quick to interpret. Functions are always monadic and there are no variable or parameter names. Furthermore, combinator-style languages allow common housekeeping operations to be condensed into efficient machine-language primitives. By reference-counting, the interpreter can often convert call-by-value to destructive call-by-reference while preserving referential transparency. The interpreter has an expression cache which can improve the asymptotic time of some combinatorial functions. IFP function definitions are stored as UNIX files, so much of UNIX's functionality is immediately borrowed into the IFP environment, e.g. {\t{l}s}, {\tt more}, and {\tt grep}. Benchmarks indicate that IFP is an order of magnitude faster than Berkeley FP[2], and is competitive with interpreted von-Neumann languages such as BASIC. The interpreter can parallel process on shared-memory multiprocessors, e.g. the Encore Multimax. IFP currently runs on machines as varied as the IBM PC, VAX, and CRAY-XMP.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, collection = "SIGPLAN 87", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @InProceedings{Halpern:1988:SSC, author = "Joseph Y. Halpern and Edward L. Wimmers", editor = "J. Ferrante and P. Mager", booktitle = "Proceedings of the {15th ACM SIGPLAN--SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL '88), San Diego, California, USA, January 10--13, 1988}", title = "Sacrificing simplicity for convenience: Where do you draw the line?", publisher = pub-ACM, address = pub-ACM:adr, bookpages = "iv + 329", pages = "169--179", year = "1988", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/73560.73575", ISBN = "0-89791-252-7", ISBN-13 = "978-0-89791-252-5", LCCN = "QA76.7 .A15 1988", bibdate = "Mon Jun 15 07:56:55 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", URL = "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/73560.73575", abstract = "The designers of (functional) programming languages are faced with two occasionally conflicting goals: programmer convenience and semantic simplicity. For example, it is convenient to treat I/O operations as primitive functions with side effects, but doing so destroys referential transparency.\par FL is a functional language that is designed to trade some of the semantic simplicity of a pure language for some of the convenience of a procedural language, by treating I/O operations as primitives with side effects, but by using a structuring technique that localizes the scope of those effects. In this way, surprisingly little of the semantic simplicity is lost, as can be seen by comparing the underlying algebraic laws of FL with those of its pure counterpart, FP.\par This paper describes that comparison and shows that, in fact, for programs involving I/O, the structures of the algebraic laws of the two languages are identical! It concludes by showing that this technique cannot be extended to allow assignment statements without incurring a massive loss in the expressiveness and simplicity of the underlying algebra.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, remark = "Informally, FP84 [Halpern et al. 1986, 1987] is the result of altering the language FP of [Backus 78] to include infinite sequences, programmer-defined combining forms, and lazy evaluation.", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @TechReport{Aiken:1989:FPD, author = "Alexander Aiken and John H. Williams and Edward L. Wimmers", title = "The {FL Project}: The Design of a Functional Language", institution = "Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley and IBM Almaden Research Center", address = "Berkeley, CA, USA and San Jose, CA, USA", pages = "??", year = "1989", bibdate = "Fri Jun 12 10:55:45 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", note = "See revision \cite{Aiken:1994:FPD}.", URL = "https://theory.stanford.edu/~aiken/publications/trs/FLProject.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, remark = "Cited by \cite{Hoekstra:2022:CLC}.", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Hudak:1989:CEA, author = "Paul Hudak", title = "Conception, Evolution, and Application of Functional Programming Languages", journal = j-COMP-SURV, volume = "21", number = "3", pages = "359--411", month = sep, year = "1989", CODEN = "CMSVAN", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/72551.72554", ISSN = "0360-0300 (print), 1557-7341 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0360-0300", bibdate = "Thu Jun 19 09:38:19 MDT 2008", bibsource = "ACM Computing Archive; Compendex database; ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Parallel/par.misc.bib; http://www.acm.org/pubs/contents/journals/surveys/; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compsurv.bib", URL = "http://www.acm.org/pubs/toc/Abstracts/0360-0300/72554.html", abstract = "The foundations of functional programming languages are examined from both historical and technical perspectives. Their evolution is traced through several critical periods: early work on lambda calculus and combinatory calculus, Lisp, Iswim, FP, ML, and modern functional languages such as Miranda and Haskell. The fundamental premises on which the functional programming methodology stands are critically analyzed with respect to philosophical, theoretical, and pragmatic concerns. Particular attention is paid to the main features that characterize modern functional languages: higher-order functions, lazy evaluation, equations and pattern matching, strong static typing and type inference, and data abstraction. In addition, current research areas --- such as parallelism, nondeterminism, input\slash output, and state-oriented computations --- are examined with the goal of predicting the future development and application of functional languages.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Yale Univ", affiliationaddress = "New Haven, CT, USA", annote = "This is the second paper in the special issue which has a section on non-determinism [along with Bal, et al] which begins with a statement which would sound bizarre to non-programmers or those not familiar with the issues of determinacy.", classification = "723", fjournal = "ACM Computing Surveys", journal-URL = "http://portal.acm.org/browse_dl.cfm?idx=J204", keywords = "ag; APL; Categories and Subject Descriptors: D.1.1 [Programming Techniques]: Applicative (Functional) Programming; Computer Programming Languages; D.3.2 [Programming Languages]: Language classifications - applicative languages; Data Abstraction; data-flow languages; denotative [declarative] language; F.4.1 [Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages]: Mathematical Logic - lambda calculus and related systems; FL; FP; Functional Programming Languages; grecommended91; Haskell; higher-order functions; Hope; Iswim; K.2 [History of Computing]: software General Terms: Languages; KRC; Lambda Calculus; Lambda Calculus, Additional Key Words and Phrases: Data abstraction; languages; lazy evaluation; Lisp; Miranda; ML; non-procedural languages; referential transparency; SASL; special issue on programming language paradigms; types; very-high-level languages", review = "ACM CR 9006-0486", subject = "{\bf D.1.1}: Software, PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES, Applicative (Functional) Programming. {\bf F.4.1}: Theory of Computation, MATHEMATICAL LOGIC AND FORMAL LANGUAGES, Mathematical Logic, Lambda calculus and related systems. {\bf F.1.2}: Theory of Computation, COMPUTATION BY ABSTRACT DEVICES, Modes of Computation, Parallelism and concurrency. {\bf D.3.2}: Software, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, Language Classifications, Applicative languages.", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{McDonald:1989:DSC, author = "C. S. McDonald and L. Allison", title = "Denotational Semantics of a Command Interpreter and their Implementation in {Standard ML}", journal = j-COMP-J, volume = "32", number = "5", pages = "422--431", month = oct, year = "1989", CODEN = "CMPJA6", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/32.5.422", ISSN = "0010-4620 (print), 1460-2067 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0010-4620", bibdate = "Tue Dec 4 14:48:27 MST 2012", bibsource = "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/5.toc; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/compj1980.bib; Misc/Functional.bib", URL = "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/5/422.full.pdf+html; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/422.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/423.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/424.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/425.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/426.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/427.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/428.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/429.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/430.tif; http://www3.oup.co.uk/computer_journal/hdb/Volume_32/Issue_05/tiff/431.tif", abstract = "This paper defines a significant subset of the standard UNIX command interpreter, or Shell, in terms of its denotational semantics. A complete implementation of this shell in Standard ML is described.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Dept. of Comput. Sci., Western Australia Univ., Nedlands, WA, Australia", classcodes = "C6150J (Operating systems); C6150C (Compilers, interpreters and other processors); C6110B (Software engineering techniques)", classification = "C6110B (Software engineering techniques); C6150C (Compilers, interpreters and other processors); C6150J (Operating systems)", corpsource = "Dept. of Comput. Sci., Western Australia Univ., Nedlands, WA, Australia", fjournal = "The Computer Journal", journal-URL = "http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/", keywords = "Backus-Naur Form; Command interpreter; command interpreter; definitions; Denotational semantics; denotational semantics; English; formal specification; program interpreters; Programming languages; programming languages; semantic; Semantic definitions; SML functional UNIX Bourne shell; Standard ML; Standard UNIX command interpreter; standard UNIX command interpreter; Standardization; standardization; Syntaxes; syntaxes; Unix", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007); Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", thesaurus = "Formal specification; Program interpreters; Unix", treatment = "P Practical", } @Article{Radensky:1989:SRE, author = "Atanas Radensky and Milena Djambazova", title = "Schemes for recursion elimination in {Backus}' {FP}-systems", journal = "Godishnik na Sofi{\u{\i}}skiya Universitet ``Sv. Kliment Okhridski''. Fakultet po Matematika i Informatika", volume = "83", number = "1", pages = "39--49", year = "1989", ISSN = "0205-0811", MRclass = "68Q60 68N01 03D20", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 11:11:18 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", ZMnumber = "0794.68102", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, ajournal = "God. Sofi{\u{\i}}. Univ., Fak. Mat. Inform.", fjournal = "Godishnik na Sofi{\u{\i}}skiya Universitet ``Sv. Kliment Okhridski''. Fakultet po Matematika i Informatika", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", ZBmath = "598180", } @Article{Halpern:1990:CRR, author = "Joseph Y. Halpern and John H. Williams and Edward L. Wimmers", title = "Completeness of Rewrite Rules and Rewrite Strategies for {FP}", journal = j-J-ACM, volume = "37", number = "1", pages = "86--143", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "JACOAH", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/78935.78939", ISSN = "0004-5411 (print), 1557-735X (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0004-5411", bibsource = "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Theory/JACM.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/jacm.bib", URL = "http://www.acm.org/pubs/toc/Abstracts/0004-5411/78939.html", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, ajournal = "J. Assoc. Comput. Mach.", fjournal = "Journal of the ACM", journal-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/loi/jacm", keywords = "completeness of rewriting rules; functional semantics; languages; Programming Languages and Methodology; strategies for rewriting; theory", subject = "{\bf F.4.2}: Theory of Computation, MATHEMATICAL LOGIC AND FORMAL LANGUAGES, Grammars and Other Rewriting Systems. {\bf F.3.2}: Theory of Computation, LOGICS AND MEANINGS OF PROGRAMS, Semantics of Programming Languages, Operational semantics. {\bf F.4.1}: Theory of Computation, MATHEMATICAL LOGIC AND FORMAL LANGUAGES, Mathematical Logic, Lambda calculus and related systems. {\bf F.3.2}: Theory of Computation, LOGICS AND MEANINGS OF PROGRAMS, Semantics of Programming Languages, Denotational semantics. {\bf D.3.2}: Software, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, Language Classifications, FP.", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Book{Meyer:1990:ITP, author = "Bertrand Meyer", title = "Introduction to the Theory of Programming Languages", publisher = pub-PH, address = pub-PH:adr, pages = "xvi + 447", year = "1990", ISBN = "0-13-498502-8, 0-13-498510-9", ISBN-13 = "978-0-13-498502-2, 978-0-13-498510-7", LCCN = "QA76.7 .M49 1988", bibdate = "Mon Jun 15 13:55:50 MDT 2026", bibsource = "fsz3950.oclc.org:210/WorldCat; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", series = "Prentice Hall international series in computer sciences", URL = "https://bertrandmeyer.com/ITPL", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject = "Programming languages (Electronic computers); Computer programming; Programmering; Software; Datalingvistik; Programmation (Informatique); computer programming.; Computer programming; Programming languages (Electronic computers)", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", tableofcontents = "1: Basic concepts / 1 \\ 1.1 Why formal descriptions (and why not)? / 1 \\ 1.2 Syntax and semantics / 5 \\ 1.3 Programs vs. mathematics / 5 \\ 1.4 Language and metalanguage / 9 \\ 1.5 Bibliographical notes / 12 \\ 2: Mathematical background / 15 \\ 2.1 Conventions and notations / 15 \\ 2.2 Propositional and predicate calculus / 18 \\ 2.3 Sets / 19 \\ 2.4 Sequences, pairs, Cartesian product / 21 \\ 2.5 Relations / 22 \\ 2.6 Functions / 25 \\ 2.7 Operations on functions / 29 \\ 2.8 Functionals / 35 \\ 2.9 Structural induction / 38 \\ 2.10 Bibliographical notes / 40 \\ Exercises / 40 \\ 3: Syntax / 45 \\ 3.1 The need for abstract syntax / 45 \\ 3.2 Abstract grammars / 47 \\ 3.3 The need for static semantics / 51 \\ 3.4 Abstract syntactic expressions / 52 \\ 3.5 Adding concrete syntax / 59 \\ 3.6 Adding semantics / 60 \\ 3.7 Applications of abstract syntax / 62 \\ 3.8 An exercise in language design / 63 \\ 3.9 Mathematical basis for abstract syntax / 71 \\ 3.10 A note on order in abstract syntax / 79 \\ 3.11 Bibliographical notes / 80 \\ Exercises / 80 \\ 4: Semantics: the main approaches / 85 \\ 4.1 A toy language / 85 \\ 4.2 Attribute (affix) grammars / 88 \\ 4.3 Translational semantics / 96 \\ 4.4 Operational semantics / 100 \\ 4.5 Denotational semantics / 105 \\ 4.6 Axiomatic semantics / 110 \\ 4.7 Bibliographical notes / 118 \\ Exercises / 119 \\ 5: Lambda calculus / 125 \\ 5.1 Functions as first-class citizens / 125 \\ 5.2 Definition and examples / 126 \\ 5.3 Higher-order functions / 128 \\ 5.4 A formal definition of lambda notation / 129 \\ 5.5 Free and bound occurrences / 131 \\ 5.6 Change of dummy identifier / 133 \\ 5.7 Substitution / 135 \\ 5.8 Contraction / 138 \\ 5.9 Divergence and self-application / 140 \\ 5.10 Typed lambda calculus / 141 \\ 5.11 Bibliographical notes / 145 \\ Exercises / 146 \\ 6: Denotational semantics: fundamentals / 149 \\ 6.1 Overview / 150 \\ 6.2 Static semantics / 151 \\ 6.3 Dynamic semantics: basics / 159 \\ 6.4 The meaning of expressions / 161 \\ 6.5 The meaning of instructions / 167 \\ 6.6 Complete specification of Graal / 173 \\ 6.7 Bibliographical notes / 179 \\ Exercises / 179 \\ 7: Denotational semantics: language features / 183 \\ 7.1 Conventions / 184 \\ 7.2 Records / 185 \\ 7.3 Arrays / 197 \\ 7.4 Pointers / 197 \\ 7.5 Input and output / 200 \\ 7.6 Block structure / 204 \\ 7.7 Routines / 212 \\ 7.8 A peek at classes and inheritance / 221 \\ 7.9 Bibliographical notes / 222 \\ Exercises / 222 \\ 8: The mathematics of recursion / 225 \\ 8.1 The trouble with recursion / 225 \\ 8.2 `Good' and `bad' recursive definitions / 230 \\ 8.3 Interpreting recursive definitions / 232 \\ 8.4 Iterative methods / 234 \\ 8.5 Solving recursive equations / 239 \\ 8.6 Stable functions / 249 \\ 8.7 Dealing with partial functions / 262 \\ 8.8 A more general theory / 276 \\ 8.9 Bibliographical notes / 292 \\ Exercises / 293 \\ 9: Axiomatic semantics / 295 \\ 9.1 Overview / 295 \\ 9.2 The notion of theory / 296 \\ 9.3 An example: typed lambda calculus / 305 \\ 9.4 Axiomatizing programming languages / 309 \\ 9.5 A closer look at assertions / 312 \\ 9.6 Fundamentals of pre--post semantics / 315 \\ 9.7 Pre-post semantics of Graal / 318 \\ 9.8 The calculus of weakest preconditions / 333 \\ 9.9 Non-determinism / 341 \\ 9.10 Routines and recursion / 346 \\ 9.11 Assertion-guided program construction / 365 \\ 9.12 Bibliographical notes / 381 \\ Exercises / 382 \\ 10: The consistency of semantic definitions / 393 \\ 10.1 Comparing the two approaches / 393 \\ 10.2 Interpreting assertions / 394 \\ 10.3 Predicate semantics / 400 \\ 10.4 The consistency requirement / 403 \\ 10.5 The consistency proofs / 408 \\ 10.6 Discussion / 420 \\ 10.7 Bibliographical notes / 420 \\ Exercises / 420 \\ Bibliography / 423 \\ Index / 435", } @Article{Revesz:1992:LOE, author = "Gy{\"o}rgy E. Revesz", title = "A list-oriented extension of the lambda-calculus satisfying the {Church--Rosser} theorem", journal = j-THEOR-COMP-SCI, volume = "93", number = "1", pages = "75--89", day = "03", month = feb, year = "1992", CODEN = "TCSCDI", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(92)90212-X", ISSN = "0304-3975 (print), 1879-2294 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0304-3975", bibdate = "Sat Nov 22 13:24:22 MST 1997", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/tcs1990.bib", URL = "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030439759290212X", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "C4210 (Formal logic); C4240 (Programming and algorithm theory)", corpsource = "IBM T. J. Watson Res. Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA", fjournal = "Theoretical Computer Science", journal-URL = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03043975/", keywords = "Backus functional programming system; church-Rosser theorem; formal languages; formal logic; FP; high-level functional languages; list processing; list-oriented extension; programming theory; reduction rules; type-free lambda-calculus", pubcountry = "Netherlands", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", treatment = "T Theoretical or Mathematical", } @Manual{Baden:1993:BFU, author = "Scott Baden", title = "{Berkeley FP} User's Manual, Rev. 4.1", organization = "Department of Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley", address = "Berkeley, CA, USA", pages = "39", day = "8", month = apr, year = "1993", bibdate = "Mon Jun 15 08:04:37 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", URL = "https://maibriz.de/unix/ultrix/_root/fp.pdf", abstract = "This manual describes the Berkeley implementation of Backus' Functional Programming Language, FP. Since this implementation differs from Backus' original description of the language, those familiar with the literature will need to read about the system commands and the local modifications.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @TechReport{Aiken:1994:FPD, author = "Alexander Aiken and John H. Williams and Edward L. Wimmers", title = "The {FL Project}: The Design of a Functional Language", type = "Report", institution = "Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley and IBM Almaden Research Center", address = "Berkeley, CA, USA and San Jose, CA, USA", pages = "40", day = "11", month = dec, year = "1994", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 09:57:50 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", URL = "https://theory.stanford.edu/~aiken/publications/trs/FLProject.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, remark = "Earlier version may have appeared about 1989", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @Article{Ben-Asher:1995:FPF, author = "Yosi Ben-Asher and Gudula Runger and Assaf Schuster and Reinhard Wilhelm", title = "{2DT-FP}: a Parallel Functional Programming Language on Two-Dimensional Data", journal = j-INT-J-PARALLEL-PROG, volume = "23", number = "5", pages = "389--422", month = oct, year = "1995", CODEN = "IJPPE5", ISSN = "0885-7458 (print), 1573-7640 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0885-7458", bibdate = "Sat Apr 26 11:04:14 MDT 1997", bibsource = "http://springerlink.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=issue&issn=0885-7458&volume=23&issue=5; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/intjparallelprogram.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, ajournal = "Int. J. Parallel Prog.", classification = "C6110P (Parallel programming); C6140D (High level languages); C6150N (Distributed systems software)", corpsource = "Dept. of Math., Haifa Univ., Israel", fjournal = "International Journal of Parallel Programming", journal-URL = "http://link.springer.com/journal/10766", keywords = "2-dimensional combinations of columns; 2DT-FP; Backus FP; functional languages; functional programming; global transformations; Intel Hypercube; interleaving semantics; linear data; local computations; multiprocessing programs; multiprocessor programming; multiprogramming; parallel execution; parallel functional programming language; parallel languages; parallel programming; two-dimensional transformation", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", treatment = "P Practical", } @Article{Halpern:1995:FAE, author = "Joseph Y. Halpern and Edward L. Wimmers", title = "Full Abstraction and Expressive Completeness for {FP}", journal = j-INF-COMPUT, volume = "118", number = "2", pages = "246--271", day = "1", month = may, year = "1995", CODEN = "INFCEC", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1006/inco.1995.1065", ISSN = "0890-5401 (print), 1090-2651 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0890-5401", bibdate = "Mon Jun 15 07:55:13 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, fjournal = "Information and Computation", journal-URL = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/08905401", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @InProceedings{Malita:2011:BLF, author = "Mihaela Mali{\c{t}}a and Gheorghe M. {\c{S}}tefan", booktitle = "{CAS 2011} Proceedings (2011 International Semiconductor Conference)", title = "{Backus} language for functional nano-devices", volume = "2", publisher = pub-IEEE, address = pub-IEEE:adr, pages = "331--334", year = "2011", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1109/SMICND.2011.6095808", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 10:15:59 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, keywords = "arrays; complexity theory; functional electronics; functional programming; nano-electronics; parallel processing; parallelism; programmable circuits; vectors", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } @InProceedings{Hoekstra:2022:CLC, author = "Conor Hoekstra", booktitle = "{ARRAY 2022: Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGPLAN International Workshop on Libraries, Languages and Compilers for Array Programming, San Diego, CA, USA, 13 June 2022}", title = "Combinatory logic and combinators in array languages", publisher = pub-ACM, address = pub-ACM:adr, bookpages = "57", pages = "46--57", month = jun, year = "2022", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/3520306.3534504", ISBN = "1-4503-9269-5", ISBN-13 = "978-1-4503-9269-3", LCCN = "QA76.76.C65 .A773 2022", bibdate = "Mon Jun 15 13:38:01 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", series = "ARRAY 22", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, book-DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/3520306", book-URL = "https://dl.acm.org/doi/proceedings/10.1145/3520306", collection = "ARRAY 22", subject-dates = "John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", } %%% ==================================================================== %%% Cross-referenced entries must come last: @Proceedings{Anonymous:1960:ICI, editor = "Anonymous", booktitle = "International Conference on Information Processing, {Unesco House, Paris, 15-20 June 1959}", title = "International Conference on Information Processing, {Unesco House, Paris, 15--20 June 1959}", publisher = "UNESCO and R. Oldenbourg and Butterworths", address = "Paris, France and Munich, Germany and London, UK", bookpages = "520", year = "1960", bibdate = "Thu Jun 4 16:22:41 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/cordic.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/elefunt.bib", URL = "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2019/02/102785380-05-01-acc.pdf; https://softwarepreservation.computerhistory.org/ALGOL/paper/AP_Symposium-ICIP-1959.pdf", ZMnumber = "0112.08301", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, remark = "The PDF file at the URL has the front matter of the conference, but, alas, not the papers.", ZBmath = "3181460", } @Proceedings{Busa:1962:SLD, editor = "Roberto Busa", booktitle = "Symbolic Languages in Data Processing, Proceedings of the Symposium, {Rome, March 26--31, 1962}", title = "Symbolic Languages in Data Processing, Proceedings of the Symposium, {Rome, March 26--31, 1962}", publisher = "Gordon and Breach Science Publishers", address = "New York, NY, USA", bookpages = "xii + 849", pages = "xii + 849", year = "1962", LCCN = "QA76 .S95 1962", bibdate = "Thu Jun 4 16:51:45 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Book{Dijkstra:1962:PAR, author = "Edsger W. Dijkstra", booktitle = "A primer of {ALGOL 60}: report on the algorithmic language {ALGOL 60}", title = "A primer of {ALGOL 60}: report on the algorithmic language {ALGOL 60}", volume = "2", publisher = pub-ACADEMIC, address = pub-ACADEMIC:adr, pages = "xi + 114", year = "1962", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.19660080123", ISBN = "0-12-216250-1", ISBN-13 = "978-0-12-216250-3", ISSN = "0067-2483", ISSN-L = "0067-2483", LCCN = "QA76.73.A24", bibdate = "Tue Mar 17 15:48:54 2015", bibsource = "fsz3950.oclc.org:210/WorldCat; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/perlis-alan-j.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", series = "APIC studies in data processing", URL = "https://dn710009.ca.archive.org/0/items/a_primer_of_algol_60_programming/algol60_o.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb # " and " # ack-pm, author-dates = "Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (11 May 1930--6 August 2002)", remark = "Reprinted at least 7 times, up to the 1978 printing. Also contains \booktitle{Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60}.", tableofcontents = "Foreword / v \\ Preface / vii \\ Author's Preface to the English Edition / ix \\ I. Introduction / 1 \\ 2. Assignment Statements / 3 \\ / 5 \\ 3. Identifiers and Numbers 4. Expressions / 8 \\ 5. Sequence of Statements / 12 \\ 6. Statement Brackets / 13 \\ 7. Type Declarations / 15 \\ 8. 'go to' Statements / 20 \\ 9. Conditional Statements / 22 \\ 10. for Statements / 26 \\ 11. Special Functions / 32 \\ 12. Comments / 36 \\ 13. Arrays / 37 \\ 14. Uniqueness of Identifiers / 41 \\ 15. Procedures / 42 \\ 16. Local Quantities / 45 \\ I 7. Formal Parameters / 48 \\ 18. Function Procedures / 51 \\ 19. The Value List / 55 \\ 20. Bound Variables / 57 \\ 21. Blocks / 60 \\ 22. Dynamic Arrays / 63 \\ 23. Conditional Expressions / 64 \\ 24. Logical Variables / 65 \\ 25. Switch Declarations / 68 \\ 26. The MC-Translator / 70 \\ 27. Special Input--Output Procedures / 73 \\ Appendix: Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60 / J. W. Backus, F. L. Bauer, J. Green, C. Katz, J. McCarthy, P. Naur (Editor), A. J. Perlis, H. Rutishauser, K. Samelson, B. Vauquois, J. H. Wegstein, A. Van Wijngaarden, M. Woodger / 74--114", } @Book{Naur:1964:RRA, editor = "Peter Naur", booktitle = "Revised report on the algorithmic language {ALGOL 60}", title = "Revised report on the algorithmic language {ALGOL 60}", publisher = "Regnecentralen", address = "Copenhagen, Denmark", pages = "43", year = "1964", LCCN = "QA76.5 .N35 1964", bibdate = "Mon Jun 08 09:29:33 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", note = "Written by John W. Backus and others.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, editor-dates = "Peter Naur (25 October 1928--3 January 2016)", } @Proceedings{Metropolis:1980:HCT, editor = "Nicholas Metropolis and Jack Howlett and Gian-Carlo Rota", booktitle = "A History of Computing in the {Twentieth Century}: a Collection of Essays", title = "A History of Computing in the {Twentieth Century}: a Collection of Essays", publisher = pub-ACADEMIC, address = pub-ACADEMIC:adr, pages = "xix + 659", year = "1980", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-22029-0", ISBN = "0-12-491650-3, 1-4832-9668-7 (e-book)", ISBN-13 = "978-0-12-491650-0, 978-1-4832-9668-5 (e-book)", LCCN = "QA75.5 .I63 1976", bibdate = "Tue Aug 15 18:57:33 1995", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bauer-friedrich-ludwig.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/birkhoff-garrett.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/g/good-i-j.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/h/hamming-richard-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/h/householder-alston-s.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/l/lehmer-derrick-henry.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/m/metropolis-nicholas.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutishauser-heinz.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/t/turing-alan-mathison.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/u/ulam-stanislaw-m.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wilkes-maurice-v.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wilkinson-james-hardy.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/subjects/acc-stab-num-alg.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/annhistcomput.bib", note = "Original versions of these papers were presented at the International Research Conference on the History of Computing, held at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 10--15 June 1976.", abstract = "\booktitle{A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century} focuses on the advancements in the processes, methodologies, programs, and techniques in computing. The selection first elaborates on computing developments in Cambridge, U.S.A., pioneering work on computers at Bletchley, and the COLOSSUS. Discussions focus on secrecy and priority, the first COLOSSUS, MARK II COLOSSUS, postwar developments in computing, and the HEATH ROBINSON project. The text then ponders on Turing's work at the National Physical Laboratory and the construction of Pilot ACE, DEUCE, and ACE, the Smithsonian Computer History Project, and programming in America. Topics include origins of FORTRAN, optimization techniques in FORTRAN, DEUCE computer, and the Pilot ACE. The book takes a look at the development of programming in the USSR, advancement of programming languages, and reflections on the evolution of algorithmic language. The book also examines the computer development at Manchester University, the sieve process, MANIAC project, and the ENIAC project. The selection is a valuable reference for computer science experts and researchers interested in the development of computing.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); Sir Maurice Vincent Wilkes (26 June 1913--29 November 2010)", remark = "This book contains the edited versions of the papers presented at the international research Conference on the History of Computing, held at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 10--15 June 1976. The book provides an account of the development of the first large-scale computers in the first half of the twentieth century. Each chapter describes one phase of the development and is written by either a participant or a witness to these events. The treatment is narrative and factual and is meant to give a first exposition of the res gestae. The Exposition is accessible to anyone interested in the subject and requires no technical background.", tableofcontents = "Contributors / / ii--ii \\ Front Matter / / iii--iii \\ Copyright / / iv--iv \\ Dedication [to John R. Pasta] / / v--v \\ List of Contributors / / xi--xiii \\ Preface / / xv--xvii \\ Acknowledgments / / xviii--xviii \\ Introductory Essay / N. Metropolis and Gian-Carlo Rota / xix--xx \\ Part I. Introduction \\ We would know what they thought when they did it / R. W. Hamming / 3--9 \\ Historiography: a perspective for computer scientists / Kenneth O. May / 11--18 \\ Part II. The human side \\ Computer developments 1935--1955, as seen from Cambridge, U.S.A. / Garrett Birkhoff / 21--30 \\ Pioneering work on computers at Bletchley / I. J. Good / 31--45 \\ The COLOSSUS / B. Randell / 47--92 \\ Von Neumann: the interaction of mathematics and computing / S. M. Ulam / 93--99 \\ Turing's work at the National Physical Laboratory and the construction of Pilot ACE, DEUCE, and ACE / J. H. Wilkinson / 101--114 \\ The Smithsonian computer history project and some personal recollections / Henry S. Tropp / 115--122 \\ Part III. The languages \\ Programming in America in the 1950s: some personal impressions / John Backus / 125--135 \\ The early development of programming in the USSR / Andrei P. Ershov and Mikhail R. Shura-Bura / 137--196 \\ The early development of programming languages / Donald E. Knuth and Luis Trabb Pardo / 197--273 \\ Reflections on the evolution of algorithmic language / Mark B. Wells / 275--287 \\ Part IV. The machines \\ Computer development at the Institute for Advanced Study / Julian Bigelow / 291--310 \\ From ENIAC to the stored-program computer: two revolutions in computers / Arthur W. Burks / 311--344 \\ Computer development at Argonne National Laboratory / J. C. Chu / 345--346 \\ The ORDVAC and the ILLIAC / James E. Robertson \\ WHIRLWIND / Robert R. Everett // 347--364 \\ Reminiscences of Oak Ridge / A. S. Householder / 385--388 \\ Computer development at IBM / Cuthbert C. Hurd / 389--418 \\ The SWAC: the National Bureau of Weather Standards Western Automatic Computer / Harry D. Huskey / 419--431 \\ Computer development at Manchester University / S. H. Lavington / 433--443 \\ A history of the sieve process / D. H. Lehmer / 445--456 \\ The MANIAC / N. Metropolis / 457--464 \\ Early research on computers at RCA / Jan Rajchman / 465--469 \\ Memories of the Bureau of Standards' SEAC / Ralph J. Slutz / 471--477 \\ Early computers / George R. Stibitz / 479--483 \\ The start of an ERA: Engineering Research Associates, Inc., 1946--1955 / Erwin Tomash / 485--495 \\ Early programming development in Cambridge / M. V. Wilkes / 497--501 \\ Part V. The places \\ Between Zuse and Rutishauser: the early development of digital computing in central Europe / Friedrich L. Bauer / 505--524 \\ The ENIAC / J. Presper Eckert, Jr. / 525--539 \\ The ENIAC / John W. Mauchly / 541--550 \\ Computers in the University of London, 1945--1962 / Andrew D. Booth / 551--561 \\ A programmer's early memories / Edsger W. Dijkstra / 563--573 \\ Early history of computing in Japan / Ryota Suekane / 575--578 \\ From mechanical linkages to electronic computers: recollections from Czechoslovakia / Antonin Svoboda / 579--586 \\ Central European prehistory of computing / H. Zemanek / 587--609 \\ Some remarks on the history of computing in Germany / Konrad Zuse / 611--627 \\ The origins of digital computers: supplementary bibliography / B. Randell // 629--659 \\ General Index / / 661--683 \\ Index of Claimed Firsts and Inventions / 684--685 \\ Index of Names / 686--693", } @Proceedings{deBakker:1981:ALP, editor = "J. W. (Jacobus Willem) de Bakker and J. C. van Vliet", booktitle = "Algorithmic languages: Proceedings of the International Symposium on \ldots{}, {Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 26--29 October 1981, a tribute to prof. A. van Wijngaarden on the occasion of his retirement from the Mathematical Centre}", title = "Algorithmic languages: Proceedings of the International Symposium on \ldots{}, {Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 26--29 October 1981, a tribute to prof. A. van Wijngaarden on the occasion of his retirement from the Mathematical Centre}", publisher = pub-NORTH-HOLLAND, address = pub-NORTH-HOLLAND:adr, pages = "xxvi + 431", year = "1981", ISBN = "0-444-86285-4", ISBN-13 = "978-0-444-86285-3", LCCN = "QA76.7 .I575 1981", bibdate = "Sat May 30 12:50:58 MDT 2026", bibsource = "fsz3950.oclc.org:210/WorldCat; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib", URL = "https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/34328/34328D.pdf", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, meetingname = "International Symposium on Algorithmic Languages (1981. Amsterdam)", remark = "Pages xiii--xviii contain a van Wijngaarden publication list, from 1942 to 1981.", subject = "Wijngaarden, Adriaan van; Homenajes; Homenajes; Lenguajes de programaci{\'o}n; Congresos; Congresos", tableofcontents = "Editors' Preface / vii--xi \\ Publications by A. van Wijngaarden / xiii--xviii \\ Ph.D. Students of A. van Wijngaarden / xix--xx \\ Foreword / M. Paul / xxi--xxiv \\ The role of Professor A. van Wijngaarden in the history of IFIP (Invited Opening Address) / Heinz Zemanek / 1--47 \\ PLAIN: An algorithmic language for interactive information systems / Anthony I. Wasserman, Reind P. van de Riet, Martin L. Kersten / 29--48 \\ PORTAL --- a PASCAL-based real-time programming language / Rudolf Schild / 49--58 \\ Naming by colours: A graph-theoretic approach to distributed structure / J. D. Roberts / 59--76 \\ Optimization of inductive assertions / Henry S. Warren, Jr. / 77--98 \\ The design of vector programs / Alain Bossavit, Bertrand Meyer / 99--114 \\ Formal language definitions can be made practical / Paul Klint / 115--132 \\ Is computer science based on the wrong fundamental concept of `program'? An extended concept (Invited Address) / John Backus / 133--165 \\ Issues in the design of a beginners' programming language / Lambert G. L. T. Meertens / 167--184 \\ From VW-grammar to ALEPH / D. Grune / 185--202 \\ On design principles for programming languages: An algebraic approach / M. Broy, P. Pepper, M. Wirsing / 203--219 \\ The structured description of algorithm derivations (Invited Address) / John Darlington / 221--250 \\ HYPERLISP / Masahiko Sato, Masami Hagiya / 251--269 \\ Symbolic evaluation of LISP functions with side effects for verification / Dennis de Champeaux, Jos de Bruin / 271--291 \\ Aad van Wijngaarden's contributions to ALGOL 60 (Invited Address) / Peter Naur / 293--304 \\ On the notion of strong typing / Maarten M. Fokkinga / 305--320 \\ Abstract storage structures / H. B. M. Jonkers / 321--343 \\ The essence of ALGOL (Invited Address) / John C. Reynolds / 345--372 \\ An operational semantics for bounded nondeterminism equivalent to a denotational one / R. Kuiper / 373--398 \\ A proof rule for fair termination of guarded commands / 0rna Gr{\"u}mberg, Nissim Francez, Johann A. Makowsky, Willem P. de Roever / 399--416 \\ ALGOL 68 revisited twelve years later or from AAD to ADA (Invited Address) / W{\l}adys{\l}aw M. Turski / 417--417", } @Proceedings{Wexelblat:1981:HPL, editor = "Richard L. Wexelblat", booktitle = "History of programming languages. Proceedings of the {ACM SIGPLAN} conference ({Los Angeles, Calif.}, {June} 1--3, 1978)", title = "History of programming languages. Proceedings of the {ACM SIGPLAN} conference ({Los Angeles, Calif.}, {June} 1--3, 1978)", publisher = pub-ACADEMIC, address = pub-ACADEMIC:adr, pages = "xxiii + 758", month = jun, year = "1981", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/800025", ISBN = "0-12-745040-8", ISBN-13 = "978-0-12-745040-7", LCCN = "QA76.7 .H56 1978", bibdate = "Mon Aug 22 14:21:11 1994", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/algol68.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/sigplan1980.bib", URL = "https://dl.acm.org/doi/book/10.1145/800025", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "Friedrich (``Fritz'') Ludwig Bauer (10 June 1924--26 March 2015); Klaus Samelson (21 December 1918--25 May 1980)", keywords = "languages", review = "ACM CR 39078, ACM CR 39079", shorttableofcontents = "The opening session / conference chairman: Jean E. Sammet \\ FORTRAN session / chairman: Jan Lee \\ ALGOL session / chairman: Thomas Cheatham \\ LISP session / chairman: Barbara Liskov \\ COBOL session / chairman: Michael Marcotty \\ APT session / chairman: John Goodenough \\ JOVIAL session / chairman: John Goodenough \\ GPSS session / chairman: Barbara Liskov \\ SIMULA session / chairman: Barbara Liskov \\ JOSS session / chairman: Thomas Cheatham \\ BASIC session / chairman: Thomas Cheatham \\ PL/1 session / chairman: Robert Rosin \\ SNOBOL session / chairman: Jan Lee \\ APL session / chairman: Jan Lee", subject = "D.3 Software, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, General \\ K.2 Computing Milieux, HISTORY OF COMPUTING, People \\ K.2 Computing Milieux, HISTORY OF COMPUTING, Software", tableofcontents = "Editor's Introduction/ Richard L. Wexelblat / xiii \\ \\ Organization of the Conference/Jean E. Sammet \\ \\ On Doing Contemporary History / Henry Tropp \\ \\ I The Opening Session / Conference Chairman: Jean E. Sammet / Speaker: Grace Murray Hopper \\ Conference Chairman's Opening Remarks / Jean E. Sammet / 1 \\ Introduction of Captain Grace Murray Hopper / Jean E. Sammet / 5 \\ Keynote Address / Grace Murray Hopper / 7 \\ Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 20 \\ Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 23 \\ \\ FORTRAN Session / Chairman: Jan Lee / Speaker: John Backus / Discussant: George Ryckman \\ Paper: The History of FORTRAN I, II, and III / John Backus / 25 \\ 1. Early Background and Environment / 25 \\ 2. The Early Stages of the FORTRAN Project / 29 \\ 3. The Construction of the Compiler / 33 \\ 4. FORTRAN II / 41 \\ 5. FORTRAN III / 42 \\ 6. FORTRAN after 1958; Comments / 42 \\ References / 44 \\ Transcript of Presentation / John Backus / 45 \\ Transcript of Discussant's Remarks / George Ryckman / 66 \\ Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 68 \\ Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 71 \\ Biography of John Backus / 74 \\ \\ ALGOL Session / Chairman: Thomas Cheatham / Speakers: Alan J. Perlis and Peter Naur \\ Paper: The American Side of the Development of ALGOL / Alan J. Perlis / 75 \\ 1. Before ALGOL 58 / 75 \\ 2. The Zurich Meeting / 78 \\ 3. ALGOL 58 / 80 \\ 4. From Zurich to Paris / 82 \\ 5. Paris and the ALGOL 60 Report / 88 \\ 6. Post Paris / 89 \\ References / 91 \\ Paper: The European Side of the Last Phase of the Development of ALGOL 60 / Peter Naur / 92 \\ Introduction / 92 \\ 1. Background / 93 \\ 2. Rationale of Content of Language / 101 \\ 3. A Posteriori Evaluation / 113 \\ 4. Implications for Current and Future Languages / 118 \\ Appendix 1. Centers and Individuals / 119 \\ Appendix 2. Backus' Syntax Notation and Its Modification / 121 \\ Appendix 3. Quotations from the Zurich Report Relevant to the Development of Blocks and Procedures / 122 \\ Appendix 4. Notes by J. H. Wegstein / 126 \\ Appendix 5. Notes by F. L. Bauer / 127 \\ Appendix 6. Notes by M. Woodger / 130 \\ Appendix 7. Comments by K. Samelson, 1978 December 1 / 131 \\ Appendix 8. Remarks to Samelson's Comments in Appendix 7 by P. Naur / 134 \\ References / 137 \\ Transcripts of Presentations / Alan J. Perlis / 139 \\ Transcripts of Presentations / Peter Naur / 147 \\ Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 161 \\ Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 167 \\ Biography of Alan J. Perlis / 171 \\ Biography of Peter Naur / 172 \\ \\ IV LISP Session / Chairman: Barbara Liskov / Speaker: John WcCarthy / Discussant: Paul Abrahams \\ Paper: History of Lisp / John McCarthy / 173 \\ 1. Introduction / 173 \\ 2. LISP Prehistory Summer 1956 through Summer 1958 / 174 \\ 3. The Implementation of LISP / 177 \\ 4. From LISP I to LISP 1.5 / 179 \\ 5. Beyond LISP 1.5 / 181 \\ 6. Conclusions / 182 \\ Appendix. Humorous Anecdote / 183 \\ References / 183 \\ Transcript of Presentation / John McCarthy / 185 \\ Transcript of Discussant's Remarks / Paul Abrahams / 191 \\ Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 195 \\ Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 196 \\ Biography of John McCarthy / 197 \\ \\ V COBOL Session / Chairman: Michael Marcotty / Speaker: Jean E. Sammet / Discussant: Betty Holberton \\ Paper: The Early History of COBOL / Jean E. Sammet \\ 1. Introduction / 199 \\ 2. Background / 200 \\ 3. Rationale for Content of Language / 221 \\ 4. A Posteriori Evaluation / 236 \\ 5. Implications for Current and Future Languages / 239 \\ Appendix. List of Attendees at Pentagon Meeting, May 28--29, 1959 / 240 \\ References / 241 \\ Transcript of Presentation / Jean E. Sammet / 243 \\ Transcript of Discussant's Remarks / Betty Holberton / 260 \\ Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 263 \\ Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 270 \\ Biography of Jean E. Sammet / 277 \\ \\ VI APT Session / Chairman: John Goodenough / Speaker: Douglas T. Ross \\ Paper: Origins of the APT Language for Automatically Programmed Tools / Douglas T. Ross / 279 \\ 1. Introduction / 279 \\ 2. Background / 285 \\ 3. Period 1. Initial APT Formulation (September 1956 through January 1957) / 288 \\ 4. Period 2: Special N/C Course for the AIA (December 1956 through April 1957) / 296 \\ 5. Period 3: The APT Joint Effort (January 1957 through May 1957) / 300 \\ 6. Period 4: The Origins of APT Language (May 24, 1957 to June 14, 1957) / 304 \\ 7. Period 5: Evolution of the System (May 1957 through May 1958) / 311 \\ 8. Period 6: The Field Trial APT Language (November 1957 through April 1958) / 319 \\ 9. Period 7: The Postcoordinator Report (July 1958) / 323 \\ 10. Period 8: The First Real APT Language (August 1958 through November 1958) / 324 \\ 11. Period 9: The Press Conference (November 1958 through February 1959) / 332 \\ 12. Period 10: The MIT ARELEM Epilogue (July 1959 through July 1962) / 333 \\ References / 335 \\ Transcript of Presentation / Douglas T. Ross / 338 \\ Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 365 \\ Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 366 \\ Biography of Douglas T. Ross / 367 \\ \\ VII JOVIAL Session / Chairman: John Goodenough / Speaker: Jules I. Schwartz \\ Paper: The Development of JOVIAL / Jules I. Schwartz / 369 \\ 1. Background / 369 \\ 2. Rationale of the Content of the Language / 375 \\ 3. A Posteriori Evaluation / 382 \\ 4. Implications for Current and Future Language / 386 \\ References / 387 \\ Transcript of Presentation / Jules I. Schwartz / 388 \\ Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 397 \\ Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 399 \\ Biography of Jules I. Schwartz / 401 \\ \\ VIII GPSS Session / Chairman: Barbara Liskov / Speaker: Geoffrey Gordon \\ Paper: The Development of the General Purpose Simulation System (GPSS) / Geoffrey Gordon / 403 \\ 1. Background / 403 \\ 2. Rationale and Content of the Language / 412 \\ 3. Program Organization / 416 \\ 4. A Posteriori Evaluation / 421 \\ References / 424 \\ Transcript of Presentation / Geoffrey Gordon / 426 \\ Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 435 \\ Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 436 \\ Biography of Geoffrey Gordon / 437 \\ \\ IX SIMULA Session / Chairman: Barbara Liskov / Speaker: Kristen Nygaard / Discussant: Ole-Johan Dahl \\ Paper: The Development of the Simula Languages / Kristen Nygaard and Ole-Johan Dahl / 439 \\ Preface / 439 \\ 1. Background / 440 \\ 2. Simula I / 441 \\ 3. Simula 67 / 459 \\ 4. Concluding Remarks / 476 \\ References / 478 \\ Transcript of Presentation / Kristen Nygaard / 480 \\ Transcript of Discussant's Remarks / Ole-Johan Dahl / 488 \\ Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 490 \\ Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 491 \\ Biography of Kristen Nygaard / 492 \\ Biography of Ole-Johan Dahl / 493 \\ \\ JOSS Session / Chairman: Thomas Cheatham / Speaker: Charles L. Baker \\ Paper: JOSS JOHNNIAC Open-Shop System / Charles L. Baker / 495 \\ 1. The JOHNNIAC the Beginning of Joss / 495 \\ 2. The JOSS Language / 499 \\ 3. Philosophy of JOSS / 502 \\ 4. Chronology JOSS Derivatives / 506 \\ References / 507 \\ Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 508 \\ Biography of Charles L. Baker / 512 \\ \\ XI BASIC Session / Chairman: Thomas Cheatham / Speaker: Thomas E. Kurtz \\ Paper: Basic / Thomas E. Kurtz / 515 \\ 1. Background / 515 \\ 2. Rationale for Basic / 518 \\ 3. Descriptions of Basic / 523 \\ 4. Dartmouth and General Electric / 532 \\ 5. Evaluation / 534 \\ 6. Implications / 535 \\ References / 536 \\ Transcript of Presentation / Thomas E. Kurtz / 537 \\ Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 546 \\ Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 548 \\ Biography of Thomas E. Kurtz / 549 \\ \\ XII PL/I Session / Chairman: Robert Rosin / Speaker: George Radin / Discussant: Bruce Rosenblatt \\ Paper: The Early History and Characteristics of PL/I / George Radin / 551 \\ 1. Introduction / 551 \\ 2. Background / 552 \\ 3. Design Criteria / 561 \\ 4. Rationale and Evaluation of Contents of NPL-PL/I / 562 \\ 5. Implications for Current and Future Languages / 572 \\ Appendix A / 573 \\ References / 574 \\ Transcript of Presentation / George Radin / 575 \\ Transcript of Discussant's Remarks / Bruce Rosenblatt / 589 \\ Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 592 \\ Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 596 \\ Biography of George Radin / 599 \\ \\ XIII SNOBOL Session / Chairman: Jan Lee / Speaker: Ralph E. Griswold \\ Paper: A History of the SNOBOL Programming Languages / Ralph E. Griswold / 601 \\ 1. Background / 601 \\ 2. Rationale for the Content of the Language / 614 \\ 3. A Posteriori Evaluation / 624 \\ 4. Implications for Current and Future Languages / 634 \\ References / 637 \\ Transcript of Presentation / Ralph E. Griswold / 645 \\ Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 657 \\ Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 659 \\ Biography of Ralph E. Griswold / 660 \\ \\ XIV APL Session / Chairman: Jan Lee / Speaker: Kenneth E. Iverson / Discussant: Frederick Brooks \\ Paper: The Evolution of APL / Adin D. Falkoff and Kenneth E. Iverson / 661 \\ 1. Academic Use / 662 \\ 2. Machine Description / 663 \\ 3. Implementation / 664 \\ 4. Systems / 669 \\ 5. A Detailed Example / 670 \\ 6. Conclusions / 670 \\ Appendix. Acknowledgments / 673 \\ References / 673 \\ Transcript of Presentation / Kenneth E. Iverson / 674 \\ Transcript of Discussant's Remarks / Frederick Brooks / 683 \\ Transcript of Question and Answer Session / 685 \\ Full Text of All Questions Submitted / 686 \\ Biography of Adin D. Falkoff / 690 \\ Biography of Kenneth E. Iverson / 691 \\ \\ Appendixes \\ \\ Appendix A. Language Summaries / 693 \\ APL / 693 \\ APT / 695 \\ ALGOL 60 / 696 \\ BASIC / 698 \\ COBOL 60 / 699 \\ FORTRAN / 701 \\ GPSS / 703 \\ JOSS / 705 \\ JOVIAL / 708 \\ A Micro-Manual for LISP / 710 \\ PL/I / 712 \\ SIMULA / 715 \\ SNOBOL / 718 \\ \\ Appendix B. Conference Organization / 721 \\ Major Elements / 721 \\ General Questions Asked of All Authors / 722 \\ \\ Appendix C. List of Attendees / 729 \\ Appendix D. Conference Publicity: Original Announcement, Preliminary Program, and Final Program / 736 \\ Appendix E. Photographs From Conference / 741 \\ Appendix F. Conference Audio and Video Recordings / 745 \\ \\ Afterword / 747 \\ \\ Index / 749", } @Proceedings{Srinivas:1986:GBF, editor = "Y. V. Srinivas and Rajeev Sangal", booktitle = "Foundations of software technology and theoretical computer science, Proceedings of the 6th Conference, {New Delhi, India December 18--20, 1986}", title = "Foundations of software technology and theoretical computer science, Proceedings of the 6th Conference, {New Delhi, India December 18--20, 1986}", volume = "241", publisher = pub-SV, address = pub-SV:adr, bookpages = "xii + 518", pages = "xii + 518", year = "1986", ISBN = "0-387-17179-7, 3-540-17179-7, 3-540-47239-8", ISBN-13 = "978-0-387-17179-1, 978-3-540-17179-9, 978-3-540-47239-1", LCCN = "QA76.751 .F68 1986", bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 11:11:18 2026", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", series = ser-LNCS, acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, tableofcontents = "Software Development Graphs a unifying concept for software development? \\ Concurrent runtime checking of annotated Ada programs \\ Recovery of noncurrent variables in source-level debugging of optimized code \\ Automatic retargetable code generation: A new technique \\ An implementation of OBJ2: An object-oriented language for abstract program specification \\ Explicit representation of terms defined by counter examples \\ A framework for intelligent backtracking in logic programs \\ A generalization of Backus' FP \\ Shortest-path motion \\ Via assignment in single row routing \\ Average-case analysis of the Modified Harmonic algorithm \\ Covering minima and lattice point free convex bodies \\ Binary decompositions and acyclic schemes \\ Thin homogeneous sets of factors \\ Irreducible polynomials over finite fields \\ Basis reduction and evidence for transcendence of certain numbers \\ A characterization of asynchronous message-passing \\ Modular synthesis of deadlock-free control structures \\ Distributed resource sharing in computer networks \\ On proving communication closedness of distributed layers \\ A distributed algorithm for edge-disjoint path problem \\ Scheduling of hard real-time systems \\ A polynomial approximation scheme for machine scheduling on uniform processors: Using the dual approximation approach \\ Connectivity algorithms using rubber bands \\ On simple and creative sets in NP \\ Complexity of sufficient-completeness \\ Sampling a population with a semi-random source \\ An optimal parallel algorithm for dynamic expression evaluation and its applications \\ Extension of the parallel nested dissection algorithm to path algebra problems \\ On synthesizing systolic arrays from Recurrence Equations with Linear Dependencies \\ An efficient parallel algorithm for term matching", } @Book{Ashenhurst:1987:ATA, editor = "Robert L. Ashenhurst", booktitle = "{ACM Turing Award Lectures}: the first twenty years, 1966--1985", title = "{ACM Turing Award Lectures}: the first twenty years, 1966--1985", publisher = pub-ACM # " and " # pub-AW, address = pub-ACM:adr # " and " # pub-AW:adr, pages = "xviii + 483", year = "1987", ISBN = "0-201-07794-9", ISBN-13 = "978-0-201-07794-0", LCCN = "QA76.24 .A33 1987", bibdate = "Mon Jun 06 17:50:49 2005", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wilkes-maurice-v.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/acm-turing-awards.bib; z3950.loc.gov:7090/Voyager", series = "ACM Press anthology series", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, author-dates = "Charles Antony Richard Hoare (11 January 1934--5 March 2026); John Warner Backus (3 December 1924--17 March 2007)", subject = "Electronic data processing; Computers", tableofcontents = "The synthesis of algorithmic systems / Alan J. Perlis \\ Computers then and now / Maurice V. Wilkes \\ One man's view of computer science / R. W. Hamming \\ Form and content in computer science / Marvin Minsky \\ Some comments from a numerical analyst / J. H. Wilkinson \\ Generality in artificial intelligence / John McCarthy \\ The humble programmer / Edsger W. Dijkstra \\ The programmer as navigator / Charles W. Bachman \\ Computer programming as an art / Donald E. Knuth \\ Computer science as empirical inquiry: symbols and search / Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon \\ Complexity of computations / Michael O. Rabin \\ Logic and programming languages / Dana S. Scott \\ Can programming be liberated from the von Neumann style?: a functional style and its algebra of programs / John Backus \\ The paradigms of programming / Robert W. Floyd \\ Notation as a tool of thought / Kenneth E. Iverson \\ The emperor's old clothes / Charles Antony Richard Hoare \\ Relational database: a practical foundation for productivity / E. F. Codd \\ An overview of computational complexity / Stephen A. Cook \\ Reflections on software research / Dennis M. Ritchie \\ Reflections on trusting trust / Ken Thompson \\ From programming language design to computer construction / Niklaus Wirth \\ Combinatorics, complexity, and randomness / Richard M. Karp \\ Algorithm design / Robert E. Tarjan \\ Computer science: the emergence of a discipline / John E. Hopcroft \\ The search for performance in scientific processors / John Cocke \\ Micropipelines / Ivan E. Sutherland \\ On building systems that will fail / Fernando J. Corbat{\'o} \\ Elements of interaction / Robin Milner \\ Turing Award Lecture: it's time to reconsider time / Richard Edwin Stearns \\ Turing Award Lecture: on computational complexity and the nature of computer science / Juris Hartmanis \\ How the `what' becomes the `how' / Edward A. Feigenbaum \\ To dream the possible dream / Raj Reddy \\ The Early Days of RSA: History and Lessons / Ronald L. Rivest \\ Pre-RSA Days: History and Lessons / Leonard Adleman \\ Cryptography: State of the science / Adi Shamir \\ Turing Award Lecture / Alan Kay \\ Assessing the Internet: Lessons Learned, Strategies for Evolution, and Future Possibilities / Vinton Cerf, Robert E. Kahn \\ Computing vs. Human Thinking / Peter Naur \\ Compiling for Performance: A Personal Tour / Frances Allen \\ Model checking: my 27-year quest to overcome the state explosion problem / Edmund M. Clarke \\ Model checking: A Personal Perspective / E. Allen Emerson \\ The Quest for Correctness Beyond Verification / Joseph Sifakis \\ The Power of Abstraction / Barbara Liskov \\ Improving the Future by Examining the Past / Charles P. Thacker", } @Book{Slater:1987:PS, author = "Robert Slater", booktitle = "Portraits in Silicon", title = "Portraits in Silicon", publisher = pub-MIT, address = pub-MIT:adr, pages = "xiv + 374", year = "1987", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.001.0001", ISBN = "0-262-19262-4 (hardcover), 0-262-69131-0 (paperback), 0-262-29142-8 (e-book)", ISBN-13 = "978-0-262-19262-0 (hardcover), 978-0-262-69131-4 (paperback), 978-0-262-29142-2 (e-book)", LCCN = "TK7885.2 .S571 1987", bibdate = "Mon Nov 4 07:46:57 MST 2002", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/babbage-charles.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/shannon-claude-elwood.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/t/turing-alan-mathison.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/annhistcomput.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/unix.bib", abstract = "Who are the masterminds of today's electronic revolution and what motivated them? That's the question Time correspondent Robert Slater asked as he traveled to Silicon Valley to interview the designers, entrepreneurs, hardware engineers, and software writers who have given us the modern computer. Robert Slater is a member of the reporting staff of the Time Jerusalem bureau.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, keywords = "Adam Osborne; Alan Turing; Charles Babbage; Claude Shannon; computer engineers --- biography; computer industry --- history; computers --- history; Daniel Bricklin; Dennis Ritchie and Kenneth Thompson; Donald Knuth.; Gary Kildall; Gene Amdahl; Gordon Bell; Grace Murray Hopper; H. Ross Perot; Howard Aiken; industrialists --- biography; Jack Kilby; Jay W. Forrester; John Backus; John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz; John V. Atanasoff; John V. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert; John von Neumann; Konrad Zuse; Marcian E. (Ted) Hoff; Nolan Bushnell; Robert Noyce; Seymour Cray; Steven Jobs; Thomas J. Watson; William Gates; William Millard; William Norris; William Shockley", subject = "industrialists; biography; computer industry; history; computers; computer engineers; industriels; biographies; informatique; industrie; histoire; ordinateurs; informaticiens; computer engineers; computer industry; computers; industrialists.", tableofcontents = "Preface / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0001 \\ Acknowledgments / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0002 \\ The Conceptualizers \\ 1: Charles Babbage: Grandfather of the Computer Pioneers / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0004 \\ 2: Alan Turing: Can a Machine Be Made to Think? / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0005 \\ 3:John von Neumann: A Name Synonymous with Computers / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0006 \\ 4: Claude Shannon: Of Boolean Logic, Mice, Juggling, and Unicycles / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0007 \\ The Early Inventors \\ 5: Konrad Zuse: A Little-Known Computer Builder / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0009 \\ 6: John V. Atanasoff: The Inventor of the Digital Computer-According to the Law! / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0010 \\ 7: John V. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert: The Men Who Built ENIAC / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0011 \\ 8: Howard Aiken: Builder of the First American Electronic Brain / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0012 \\ 9: Jay W. Forrester: The Core Memory Man / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0013 \\ The Early Entrepreneurs \\ 10: Thomas J. Watson, Sr.: Founder of IBM / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0015 \\ 11: William Norris: Founder of Data Control Corporation / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0016 \\ 12: H. Ross Perot: Computerizing the World / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0017 \\ Making the Computer Smaller and More Powerful \\ 13: William Shockley: Co-Inventor of the Transistor / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0019 \\ 14: Robert Noyce: The Mayor of Silicon Valley / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0020 \\ 15: Jack Kilby: Co-Inventor of the Integrated Circuit / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0021 \\ 16: Marcian E. (Ted) Hoff: Inventor of the ``Computer on a Chip'' / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0022 \\ The Hardware Designers \\ 17: Gene Amdahl: Mainframe Designer Par Excellence / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0024 \\ 18: Seymour Cray: The Hermit of Cippewa Falls and His ``Simple, Dumb Things'' / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0025 \\ 19: Gordon Bell: Launching the Age of the Minicomputer / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0026 \\ The Software Specialists \\ 20: Grace Murray Hopper: Bugs, Compilers, and COBOL / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0028 \\ 21: John Backus: The Man Who Invented FORTRAN / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0029 \\ 22: John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz: Handling the Computer --- BASICally / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0030 \\ 23: Gary Kildall: Making It Easier to Use a Computer-with CP/M / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0031 \\ 24: William Gates: Engine of the Small Computer Revolution / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0032 \\ 25: Dennis Ritchie and Kenneth Thompson: Creators of UNIX / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0033 \\ 26: Daniel Bricklin: The Spreadsheet Pioneer Who Invented VisiCalc / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0034 \\ Bringing the Computer to the Masses \\ 27: Nolan Bushnell: Captain Pong, Leader of the Video Game Revolution / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0036 \\ 28: Steven Jobs: Cofounder of Apple / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0037 \\ 29: Adam Osborne: He Made the Computer Portable / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0038 \\ 30: William Millard: The Man Who Build ComputerLand / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0039 \\ Computer Science Pioneer \\ 31: Donald Knuth: The Preeminent Scholar of Computer Science / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0041 \\ Notes / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0042 \\ Bibliography / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0043 \\ Illustration Credits / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0044 \\ Index / https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5485.003.0045", } @Proceedings{Turner:1990:RTF, editor = "David A. Turner", booktitle = "Research Topics in Functional Programming: Papers from a Meeting Held at the {University of Texas at Austin, August 1987}", title = "Research topics in functional programming: Papers from a meeting held at the {University of Texas at Austin, August 1987}", publisher = pub-AW, address = pub-AW:adr, pages = "xv + 374", year = "1990", ISBN = "0-201-17236-4", ISBN-13 = "978-0-201-17236-2", LCCN = "QA76.62 .R47 1990", bibdate = "Mon Jun 15 13:47:41 MDT 2026", bibsource = "fsz3950.oclc.org:210/WorldCat; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib", series = "University of Texas at Austin Year of Programming series", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, subject = "Functional programming (Computer science); Programmation fonctionnelle; Functional programming (Computer science)", } @Proceedings{Lengauer:1993:AEF, editor = "T. Lengauer", booktitle = "{Algorithms --- ESA'93. First Annual European Symposium Proceedings: September 1993, Bad Honnef, Germany}", title = "{Algorithms --- ESA'93. First Annual European Symposium Proceedings: September 1993, Bad Honnef, Germany}", volume = "726", publisher = pub-SV, address = pub-SV:adr, pages = "ix + 418", year = "1993", ISBN = "3-540-57273-2, 0-387-57273-2", ISBN-13 = "978-3-540-57273-2, 978-0-387-57273-4", ISSN = "0302-9743 (print), 1611-3349 (electronic)", ISSN-L = "0302-9743", LCCN = "QA76.9.A43E83 1993", bibdate = "Tue Sep 10 19:13:47 MDT 1996", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/n/naur-peter.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/sgml.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/string-matching.bib", series = ser-LNCS, acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, confdate = "30 Sept.--2 Oct. 1993", conflocation = "Bad Honnef, Germany", pubcountry = "Germany", } @Book{Laplante:1996:GPC, editor = "Phillip Laplante", booktitle = "Great Papers in Computer Science", title = "Great Papers in Computer Science", publisher = pub-IEEE, address = pub-IEEE:adr, pages = "iv + 717", year = "1996", ISBN = "0-314-06365-X (paperback), 0-7803-1112-4 (hardcover)", ISBN-13 = "978-0-314-06365-6 (paperback), 978-0-7803-1112-1 (hardcover)", LCCN = "QA76 .G686 1996", bibdate = "Mon Jun 30 09:07:12 2003", bibsource = "http://cs.wwc.edu/~aabyan/221_2/PLBOOK/Syntax.html; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/shannon-claude-elwood.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/t/turing-alan-mathison.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/v/von-neumann-john.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wilkes-maurice-v.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fortran3.bib", note = "Contains a reprint of the first published paper on Fortran \cite{Backus:1957:FAC}.", URL = "http://bit.csc.lsu.edu/~chen/GreatPapers.html", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, tableofcontents = "1.1 The Complexity of Theorem Proving Procedures / 2 \\ Stephen A. Cook \\ 1.2 On the Conceptual Complexity of Algorithms / 10 \\ J. Hartmanis and R. E. Stearns \\ 1.3 Quicksort / 31 \\ C. A. R. Hoare \\ 1.4 Finite Automata and Their Decision Problems / 40 \\ M. O. Rabin and D. Scott \\ Section 2. Programming Languages \\ 2.1 The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System / 62 \\ J. W. Backus, et al. \\ 2.2 An Axiomatic Basis for Computer Programming / 80 \\ C. A. R. Hoare \\ 2.3 An Axiomatic Definition of the Programming Language Pascal / 90 \\ C. A. R. Hoare and N. Wirth \\ 2.4 The Contour Model of Block Structured Processes / 111 \\ John B. Johnston \\ 2.5 On the Translation of Languages from Left to Right / 150 \\ Donald E. Knuth \\ 2.6 Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60 / 174 \\ Peter Naur, et al. \\ Section 3. Architecture \\ 3.1 First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC / 208 \\ John von Neumann \\ 3.2 A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits / 219 \\ Claude E. Shannon \\ 3.3 Alto: A Personal Computer / 246 \\ C. P. Thacker, E. M. McCreight, B. W. Lampson, \\ R. F. Sproull, and D. R Boggs \\ 3.4 The Best Way to Design an Automatic Calculating Machine / 279 \\ M. V. Wilkes \\ Section 4. Numerical and Scientific Computing \\ 4.1 On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem / 287 \\ A. M. Turing \\ 4.2 On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem. A Correction / 317 \\ A. M. Turing \\ Section 5. Operating Systems \\ 5.1 Cooperating Sequential Processes / 321 \\ Edsger W. Dijkstra \\ 5.2 Solution of a Problem in Concurrent Process Control / 378 \\ Edsger W. Dijkstra \\ 5.3 A Formal System for Information Retrieval from Files / 381 \\ David Hsiao and Frank Harary \\ Section 6. Software Methodology and Engineering \\ 6.1 No Silver Bullet? Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering / 397 \\ Frederick P. Brooks \\ 6.2 Guarded Commands, Nondeterminancy, and Formal Derivation of Programs / 412 \\ Edsger W. Dijkstra \\ 6.3 Go To Statement Considered Harmful / 420 \\ Edsger W. Dijkstra \\ 6.4 Proof of Correctness of Data Representations / 423 \\ C. A. R. Hoare \\ 6.5 On the Criteria to be Used in Decomposing Systems / 433 \\ into Modules \\ David L. Parnas \\ 6.6 A Rational Design Process: How and Why to Fake It / 442 \\ David L. Parnas and Paul C. Clements \\ 6.7 Global Variables Considered Harmful / 452 \\ W. Wulf and M. Shaw \\ Section 7. Databases \\ 7.1 The Theory of Joins in Relational Databases / 460 \\ A. V. Aho, C. Beeri, and J. D. Ullman \\ 7.2 Organization and Maintenance of Large Ordered Indexes / 478 \\ R. Bayer and E. McCreight \\ 7.3 The Entity Relationship Model --- Toward A Unified View of Data / 494 \\ Peter Pin-Shan Chen \\ 7.4 A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks / 519 \\ E. F. Codd \\ Section 8. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics \\ 8.1 Steps Toward Artificial Intelligence / 541 \\ Marvin L. Minsky \\ 8.2 Matter, Mind, and Models / 580 \\ Marvin L. Minsky \\ 8.3 Fusion, Propagation, and Structuring in Belief Networks / 586 \\ Judea Pearl \\ 8.4 Computing Machinery and intelligence / 628 \\ A. M. Turing \\ Section 9. Human-Computer Communications \\ 9.1 Programming Considered as a Human Activity / 648 \\ Edsger W. Dijkstra \\ Section 10. History \\ 10.1 Programming in America in the 1950s --- Some Personal Impressions / 665 \\ John Backus \\ 10.2 The Evolution of Data-Base Management Systems / 663 \\ James P. Fry and Edgar H. Sibley \\ 10.3 The Evolution of the UNIX Time-Sharing System / 707 \\ Dennis M. Ritchie", } @Book{Shasha:1998:TML, editor = "Dennis Shasha and Cathy Lazere", booktitle = "Out of Their Minds: The Lives and Discoveries of 15 Great Computer Scientists", title = "Out of Their Minds: The Lives and Discoveries of 15 Great Computer Scientists", publisher = pub-SV, address = pub-SV:adr, pages = "xi + 293", year = "1998", ISBN = "0-387-98269-8", ISBN-13 = "978-0-387-98269-4", LCCN = "QA76.2.A2 S53 1998", bibdate = "Wed Mar 14 09:08:25 2001", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/backus-john-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dijkstra-edsger-w.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/master.bib", price = "US\$16.00", abstract = "\booktitle{Out of Their Minds} profiles 15 of the planet's foremost computer scientists, including eight winners of the Turing Award, computing's Nobel Prize. Based on recent interviews, the scientists are revealed in fascinating anecdotes about their early inspirations and influences, contributions, and thoughts on the field's explosive future.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, keywords = "Alan Kay; Burton Smith; Danny Hillis; Donald Knuth; Doug Lenat; Edsger Dijkstra; Edward Feigenbaum; Fred Brooks; John Backus; John McCarthy; Leonid Levin; Leslie Lamport; Michael Rabin; Robert Tarjan; Steve Cook", libnote = "Not yet in my library.", tableofcontents = "Linguists, how to talk to machines \\ Restless inventor / John Backus \\ Uncommon logician of common sense / John McCarthy \\ Clear romantic vision / Alan C. Kay \\ Algorithmists, how to solve problems fast \\ Appalling prose and the shortest path / Edsger W. Dijkstra \\ Possibilities of chance / Michael O. Rabin \\ Boundless interests, a common thread / Donald E. Knuth \\ In search of good structure / Robert E. Tarjan \\ Of time, space, and computation / Leslie Lamport \\ Good solution is hard to find / Stephen Cook and Leonid Levin \\ Architects, how to build better machines \\ Delight in making things work / Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. \\ Racing with the speed of light / Burton J. Smith \\ Biological connection / W. Daniel Hillis \\ Sculptors of machine intelligence, how to make machines smart \\ Power of knowledge / Edward A. Feigenbaum \\ Twenty-year bet / Douglas B. Lenat \\ Epilogue: Secrets of success? \\ Postscript: Next 25 years \\ Glossary", }