In the Task



next up previous contents index
Next: Multiprocessor Systems Up: Resource Limitations Previous: In the PVM

In the Task

As with the pvmd, a task may have a limit on the number of others it can connect   to directly. Each direct route to a task has a separate TCP connection (which is bidirectional), and so consumes a file descriptor. Thus, with a limit of 64 open files, a task can establish direct routes to about 60 other tasks. Note that this limit is in effect only when using task-task   direct routing. Messages routed via the pvmds use only the default pvmd-task   connection.

The maximum size of a PVM message   is limited by the amount of memory available to the task. Because messages are generally packed using data existing elsewhere in memory, and they must be reside in memory between being packed and sent, the largest possible message a task can send should be somewhat less than half the available memory. Note that as a message is sent, memory for packet buffers is allocated by the pvmd, aggravating the situation. In-place message   encoding alleviates this problem somewhat, because the data is not copied into message buffers in the sender. However, on the receiving end, the entire message is downloaded into the task before the receive call accepts it, possibly leaving no room to unpack it.

In a similar vein, if many tasks send to a single destination all at once, the destination task or pvmd may be overloaded as it tries to store the messages. Keeping messages from being freed when new ones are received by using pvm_setrbuf() also uses up memory.

These problems can sometimes be avoided by rearranging the application code, for example, to use smaller messages, eliminate bottlenecks, and process messages in the order in which they are generated.