Information via e-mail about NA-NET: Mail to na.help@na-net.ornl.gov.
-------------------------------------------------------
From: Angela Condon <angela@reviews.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Apr 2005 14:49:38 -0400
Subject: Computing Reviews Seeks New Editorial Board Member
Computing Reviews (http://www.reviews.com) is seeking a volunteer area
expert in Mathematics of Computing (http://www.acm.org/class/1998/G.html,
encompassing numerical analysis, mathematical software, and related areas)
who can serve on its Editorial Board. The qualified candidate will be
prepared to check written reviews for quality, and the classification terms
from ACM's Computing Classification System (CCS) for accuracy, as well as use
a Web-based editing system to make any suggested changes to the CCS terms
or to the review itself. The candidate must be willing to provide
feedback to reviewers in order to improve the quality of their
contributions, consistent with existing guidelines. He or she will
also work with staff and reviewers to develop additional features for
the publication. This is an opportunity for an enthusiast in the
discipline to stay on the cutting edge of the field, while making a
significant contribution to the computing community along with 17 other
area editors.
This vacancy arises due to the recent appointment of Prof. Ian Gladwell
as Editor in Chief of ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software.
If you are interested, please send an email to ceapps@reviews.com
outlining why you feel you would be a good candidate for the position.
Please include your CV as well.
------------------------------
From: Sever Dragomir <sever@csm.vu.edu.au>
Date: Tue, 5 Apr 2005 08:29:15 +1000
Subject: New Journal in Mathematical Analysis & Applications
Dear Colleagues,
I am very pleased to inform you about the new journal: ?The Australian
Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications (AJMAA)? (see
http://ajmaa.org/index.php ).
AJMAA accepts research papers in all areas of Mathematical Analysis and its
numerous applications. Topics covered by the journal include: Real Analysis,
Complex Analysis, Inequalities, Numerical analysis, Numerical analysis in
abstract spaces, Differential equations, Difference equations, Partial
differential equations, Optimization, Fourier analysis, Abstract harmonic
analysis, Numerical methods in Fourier analysis, Functional analysis,
Operator theory, Miscellaneous applications of functional analysis,
Nonlinear functional analysis, Stochastic analysis, Multivariate analysis
and all the other fields of their applications.
Research in these subjects has been very lively recently, and the interplay
between individual areas has enriched them all. The journal seeks high
quality original papers of both a research and an expository nature.
The fist volume (Volume 1, 2004) is completed and may be viewed at
http://ajmaa.org/volumes.php
Yours sincerely,
Sever S. Dragomir
Editor in Chief, AJMAA
------------------------------
From: Erricos Kontoghiorghes <erricos.kontoghiorghes@unine.ch>
Date: Fri, 08 Apr 2005 06:43:54 +0300
Subject: Special Issue on Matrix Computations and Statistics
Third CSDA special issue on Matrix Computations and Statistics
Track on Matrix Computations and Statistics, CSDA Conference
http://www.csdassn.org/europe/csda2005/
The track "Matrix Computations and Statistics" invites presentations
on topics of research emerging from statistical applications which
involve the use of linear algebra methods. It is associated with the
workshop of the ERCIM Working Group on "Matrix Computations and
Statistics". The track is especially concerned by the very large
problems which necessitate the design of reliable and fast
procedures. High Performance Computing including Parallel computing
will be addressed.
Focus: Linear least squares problems
Generalized inverse
Singular Value Decomposition
Eigenvalue problems
Optimization
Iterative methods
Sparse matrix computations
Full paper will be considered for publication in the third special
issue of the journal Computational Statistics and Data Analysis
(http://www.elsevier.com/locate/csda) on "Matrix Computations and
Statistics". The submissions must contain original unpublished work
not being considered for publication elsewhere. Submissions will be
refereed according to standard procedures for Computational Science
and Data Analysis.
Co-Chairs:
Bernard Philippe <philippe@irisa.fr>
Jesse L. Barlow <barlow@cse.psu.edu>
Erricos John Kontoghiorghes <erricos@dcs.bbk.ac.uk>
------------------------------
From: Miriam de Koning <M.Koning@elsevier.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Apr 2005 15:39:54 +0100
Subject: Three New Books on Numerical Analysis
Handbook of Numerical Analysis, Volume XIII.
Special Volume: Numerical Methods in Electromagnetics
Guest Edited by W.H.A. Schilders and E.J.W. ter Maten,
ISBN: 0-444-51375-2
Price: $ 259
This special volume provides a broad overview and insight in the way
numerical methods are being used to solve the wide variety of problems in
the electronics industry. Furthermore its aim is to give researchers from
other fields of application the opportunity to benefit from the results wich
have been obtained in the electronics industry.
* Complete survey of numerical methods used in the electronic industry
* Each chapter is selfcontained
* Presents state-of-the-art applications and methods
* Internationally recognised authors
Contents
1. Introduction to electromagnetism
2. Discretization of electromagnetic problems
3. Finite-difference time-domaine methods
4. Discretization of semiconductor divice problems I
5. Discretization of semiconductor divice problems II
6. Modelling and discretization of circuit problems
7. Simulation of EMC behaviour
8. Solution of linear systems
9. Reduced-order modelling
Mathematics in Science and Engineering, Volume 202
Volterra Integral and Differential Equations. Second Edition
by T.A. Burton
ISBN: 0-444-5178-6
Price: $ 171
This book is intended for mathematicians, engineers, and other scientists
with a background in ordinary differential equations who are interested in
an introduction to integral and functional differential equations. It
provides a very gentle transition by analogy, examples, and motivations. The
main tool is Liapunov's direct method which is carefully developed and
supplemented with a great many examples. Chapters seven and eight bring the
reader up to the very frontiers of stability and periodic solutions,
presenting many recent results and unsolved problems.
1. Smooth transition from ordinary differential equations to integral and
functional differential equations.
2. Unification of the theories, methods, and applications of ordinary and
functional differential equations.
3. Large collection of examples of Liapunov functions.
4. Description of the history of stability theory leading up to unsolved
problems.
5. Applications of the resolvent to stability and periodic problems
Contents.
0 - Introduction and Overview
1 - The General Problems
2 - Linear Equations
3 - Existence Properties
4 - History, Examples and Motivation
5 - Instability, Stability and Perturbations
6 - Stability and Boundedness
7 - The Resolvent
8 - Functional Differential Equations
Mathematics in Science and Engineering
Computational Error and Complexity in Science and Engineering, Volume 201
Vangipuram Lakshmikantham, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL,
USA
Syamal Kumar Sen,Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
The book "Computational Error and Complexity in Science and Engineering"
pervades all the science and engineering disciplines where computation
occurs. Scientific and engineering computation happens to be the interface
between the mathematical model/problem and the real world application. One
needs to obtain good quality numerical values for any real-world
implementation. Just mathematical quantities symbols are of no use to
engineers/technologists. Computational complexity of the numerical method to
solve the mathematical model, also computed along with the solution, on the
other hand, will tell us how much computation/computational effort has been
spent to achieve that quality of result.
KEY FEATURES:
* Describes precisely ready-to-use computational error and complexity
* Includes simple easy-to-grasp examples wherever necessary.
* Presents error and complexity in error-free, parallel, and probabilistic
methods.
* Discusses deterministic and probabilistic methods with error and
complexity.
* Points out the scope and limitation of mathematical error-bounds.
* Provides a comprehensive up-to-date bibliography after each chapter.
Content:
I. Introduction
II. Error: Precisely What, Why, and How
III. Complexity: What, Why, and How
IV. Errors and Approximations in Digital Computers
V. Error and Complexity in Numerical Methods
VI. Error and Complexity in Error-Free, Parallel, and Probabilistic
Computations
------------------------------
From: Susanne Lefvert <lefvert@mcs.anl.gov>
Date: Fri, 8 Apr 2005 09:42:23 -0500 (CDT)
Subject: Access Grid Retreat in California
5th Annual Access Grid Retreat 2005 - April 26-29, 2005
Westin San Francisco Airport, Millbrae, California
http://www.mcs.anl.gov/fl/flevents/ag/agr05/
The 5th Annual Access Grid (AG) Retreat will be held April 26-29 at the
Westin San Francisco Airport in Millbrae, California, USA. This year's
meeting will be co-hosted by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
The AG Retreat program provides an interactive forum for the Access Grid
community including developers, node operators and users. This event is
an ideal environment for the AG community to share recent experiences and
research findings, to present ideas for future AG technical directions,
and to train and educate AG newcomers (both developers and users). Two
tracks of sessions allow participants to focus on either AG technical
issues or activities related to AG operations. You can find the program
at: http://www.mcs.anl.gov/fl/flevents/ag/agr05/Program_050329.pdf
REGISTRATION AND HOTEL DEADLINE: Friday, April 15, 2005
For more information, please contact the AG Retreat 2005 Organizing
Committee at ag2005@accessgrid.org
------------------------------
From: Bernt Nilsson <bernt@comsol.com>
Date: Thu, 07 Apr 2005 10:50:21 -0400
Subject: FEMLAB Multiphysics Workshop at Stanford
Stanford Multiphysics Workshop
You are invited to a FEMLAB multiphysics workshop at Stanford University
on April 15th, 2005. The worskhop is hosted by Professor Gene Golub from
the Department of Computer Science. Invited speakers and hands-on
computer sessions using FEMLAB multiphysics modeling software will be
featured. The workshop is free of charge.
Speakers
Dr. John Dunec, COMSOL, Inc., Palo Alto
David Hertzog , Stanford University, Microfluidics Lab
Dr. David Kan, COMSOL, Inc., Los Angeles
Dr. Uri Shavit, Civil Engineering, Stanford University
Dr. Mina Sierou, COMSOL, Inc., Los Angeles
Dr. Valeriy Sukharev, LSI Logic Corporation
Date: April 15, 2005
Location: Stanford University
Host: Prof. Gene Golub, Department of Computer Science
Details and Registration: http://www.comsol.com/stanford/
------------------------------
From: Alexander Ostermann <alexander.ostermann@uibk.ac.at>
Date: Thu, 7 Apr 2005 18:13:14 +0200
Subject: Workshop in Innsbruck on Computational Life Sciences
Workshop: Computational Life Sciences
October 12-15, 2005
Innsbruck, Austria
First Call for Participation and Papers
Mathematical models and numerical simulations based
thereon play a prominent role in life sciences. In the workshop
we will concentrate on models built on differential equations
and delay differential equations.
Please note that the number of participants is limited.
Keynote speaker: Alfio Quarteroni (EPFL)
Further details on the workshop can be found at
http://techmath.uibk.ac.at/numbau/alex/events/conference2005.html
Organizers:
Alexander Ostermann, Mechhild Thalhammer (Innsbruck)
Alfredo Bellen (Trieste)
------------------------------
From: Minyi Guo <minyi@u-aizu.ac.jp>
Date: Fri, 8 Apr 2005 18:10:55 +0900
Subject: Symposium in China on Parallel and Distributed Processing
Third International Symposium on Parallel and
Distributed Processing and Applications (ISPA'2005)
http://keysoftlab.nju.edu.cn/ispa2005/
Nanjing, China , 2-5 Nov. 2005
Organized by: State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology (Nanjing
University)
IEEE Technical Committee on Scalable Computing
http://www.ieeetcsc.org
Following the traditions of previous successful ISPA confer-ences, ISPA '03
(held in Aizu-Wakamatsu City, Japan) and ISPA '04 (held in Hong Kong), the
objective of ISPA '05 is to provide a forum for scientists and engineers in
academia and in-dustry to exchange and discuss their experiences, new ideas,
re-search results, and applications about all aspects of parallel and
distributed computing and networking. ISPA '05 will feature ses-sion
presentations, workshops, tutorials and keynote speeches.
Topics of particular interest include, but are not limited to:
Computer networks
Network routing and communication algorithms
Parallel/distributed system architectures
Tools and environments for software development
Parallel/distributed algorithms
Parallel compilers
Parallel programming languages
Distributed systems
Wireless networks, mobile and pervasive computing
Reliability, fault-tolerance, and security
Performance evaluation and measurements
High-performance scientific and engineering computing
Internet computing and Web technologies
Database applications and data mining
Grid and cluster computing
Parallel/distributed applications
High performance bioinformatics
------------------------------
From: Ke Chen <K.Chen@liverpool.ac.uk>
Date: Mon, 4 Apr 2005 09:34:56 +0100 (BST)
Subject: Conference in Liverpool on Boundary Integral Methods
This is the second and final call for papers for the forthcoming UK BIM5
Conference in Liverpool (12-13 Sept 2005) on Boundary Integral Methods.
As there are NO parallel sessions, the total number of talks permitted
is inevitably limited.
Important dates: 17th April 2005 -- Abstract submission deadline
30th April 2005 -- Acceptance notification
29th July 2005 -- Full proceedings paper
Further details are from
http://www.liv.ac.uk/bim5/ or bim5@liverpool.ac.uk
Ke Chen, Chair for BIM5.
------------------------------
From: Andrew Crampton <a.crampton@hud.ac.uk>
Date: Mon, 4 Apr 2005 10:23:32 +0100
Subject: Conference in Chester on Algorithms for Approximation
SECOND ANNOUNCEMENT: ALGORITHMS FOR APPROXIMATION V
July 18-22, 2005
The Roman City of Chester, UK, will host the fifth International Algorithms
for Approximation Conference. This conference brings together approximation
theorists and practical users of approximation theory, both from academia
and industry, for a sharing of ideas and practices. The previous conferences
in this series have been very successful, the last having over 100 delegates,
and the speakers, as in previous years, are world leaders in their fields.
Speakers:
R Beatson Christchurch, NZ
C Burges Microsoft, US
N Dyn Tel Aviv, Israel
C Farmer Schlumberger and Oxford, UK
A Forbes NPL, UK
A Iske Leicester, UK
A Kunoth Bonn, Germany
C Manni Rome, Italy
M Neamtu Vanderbilt, US
M Unser Lausanne, Switzerland
E Weniger Regensburg, Germany
D Wunsch Missouri-Rolla, US
There will be special sessions on data mining, efficient approximation
algorithms, multiscale methods for PDEs, applications of approximation theory
to metrology, approximation on manifolds, applications leading to equations
with memory and after effect, novel applications of approximation theory,
and spectral methods. If you wish to submit an abstract to a special session
you should send your abstract directly to the organiser (a list of organisers
can be found on the web page below).
The deadline for registration and submission of abstracts is extended until
April 30th.
For further information see the web page
http://scom.hud.ac.uk/scomjkb/a4a5
Organisers: Jeremy Levesley (Leicester, UK), John Mason (Huddersfield, UK),
Andrew Crampton (Huddersfield, UK), Neville Ford (Chester, UK)
------------------------------
From: Ola Marius Lysaker <mariul@simula.no>
Date: Tue, 05 Apr 2005 10:44:35 +0200
Subject: Conference in Oslo on PDE-Based Image Processing
An international conference on "PDE-Based Image Processing and Related
Inverse Problems", will take place August 8-12, 2005 in Oslo, Norway.
http://www.cma.uio.no/conferences/2005/imageprocessing_workshop.html
The purpose of this conference is to have international experts to come to
Oslo and exchange new ideas and results in this field. The conference will
focus on, but will not be limited to the following topics for image analysis
and processing:
* Noise analysis and removal
* Image inpainting
* Image segmentation
* 3D image analysis including shading, motion, shape and edge detection
* Analysis and processing of MR images and brain mapping
* Diffusion-tensor image analysis
* Simulation and image techniques for ECG and other medical techniques
* Image processing and data mining for Internet communication and
information technology.
Inverse problems for partial differential equations have large areas
of applications. One widely studied application is for oil reservoir
simulations. Although image analysis and PDE inverse problems seem to
be unrelated at a first glance, there are many techniques used in one
of these two areas that are useful for the other. For example, many of
the regularization techniques and segmentation ideas used for image
processing have found interesting applications in inverse problems
within oil reservoir modeling. We shall use this conference to
highlight some of the recent efforts in merging different techniques
for these two research areas.
Invited speakers:
* Raymond Chan, Chinese University of Hong Kong
* Tony F. Chan, University of California at Los Angeles
* Antonin Chambolle, Ecole Polytechnique
* Stanley Osher, University of California at Los Angeles
* Guillermo Sapiro, University of Minnesota
* Otmar Schezer, University of Innsbruck
* Joachim Weickert, Saarland University
* Qianshun Chang, Chinese Academy of Sciences
* Ke Chen, University of Liverpool
* Sung Ha Kang, University of Kentucky
* Stacey Levine, Duquesne University
* Wolfgang Ring, University of Graz
* Robert Ryan,
* Richard Tsai, Princeton University
* Hao-Min Zhou, Georgia Institute of Technology
Registration:
No fee will be charged for participating in the conference. However,
registration is needed to plan the scale for the conference. The total
number of participants will be limited.
Please use our electronic registration page,
http://www.cma.uio.no/conferences/2005/imageprocessing_registration.html
------------------------------
From: iiWAS 2004 <iiwas@cs.latrobe.edu.au>
Date: Sat, 9 Apr 2005 10:41:16 +1000
Subject: Conference in Kaula Lumpur on Information Integration
CALL FOR PAPERS, PROPOSALS FOR WORKSHOPS, TUTORIALS, PANELS,
AND INVITED SESSIONS
Seventh International Conference on Information Integration and Web-based
Applications & Services (iiWAS2005)
September 19-21 2005
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Conference Website: http://www.iiwas.org/conferences/iiwas2005/
iiWAS2005 aims at providing a forum for the discussion and exchange of
ideas and information by researchers, students, and professionals on the
issues and challenges brought on by Internet technology for the
intelligent integration of information.
This conference is endorsed by the International Organization for Information
Integration and Web-based Applications & Services (@WAS), organized by Faculty
of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, Malaysia
and supported by the Austrian Computer Society, Johannes Kepler University Linz,
Austria, National University of Singapore, Monash University - Australia,
and La Trobe University, Australia.
Topics of Interest
The conference technical sessions will be organized around the major theme of
"ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, APPLICATIONS AND
BUSINESS STRATEGIES FOR INFORMATION INTEGRATION"
The technical sessions will include Invited talks, Peer reviewed technical
program, Demos, short papers, and posters, Tutorials, Panels, Invited sessions
on the same or related topics, Industrial presentations and demos, Exhibitions
around the following topics:
- Information Systems Integration
- Web Engineering and Web Applications
- Innovative Business and Marketing Models
- Technologies for Information Integration
- Data and Knowledge Management
- Value Added Web Applications and Services
- Intelligent Data and Information Retrieval
- Multimedia Data and Information Management
- E-Commerce Frameworks & Applications
- Mobile Internet Access
Contact Information
For further inquiries please contact: info@iiwas.org
------------------------------
From: Michele Benzi <benzi@mathcs.emory.edu>
Date: Fri, 8 Apr 2005 23:30:52 -0400 (EDT)
Subject: Conference at Emory University on Preconditioning
THE 2005 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PRECONDITIONING TECHNIQUES FOR LARGE,
SPARSE MATRIX PROBLEMS IN SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE CENTER, EMORY UNIVERSITY
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
MAY 19-21, 2005
See the conference web site
http://www.mathcs.emory.edu/conferences/pc2005/index.html
Please note that the DEADLINE for REGISTRATION and HOTEL RESERVATIONS
is APRIL 18.
A preliminary program will be posted shortly.
A reception for all conference participants will be held in the Mathematics
and Science Center of Emory University on the evening of Wednesday, May 18.
The conference has been endorsed by the SIAM Activity Group on
Linear Algebra.
Financial support for the conference is being provided by NSF, DOE, LLNL,
and Emory University.
The Preconditioning 2005 Conference Chairs,
Michele Benzi (Emory University)
Esmond G. Ng (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)
Yousef Saad (University of Minnesota)
Wei-Pai Tang (The Boeing Company)
------------------------------
From: S. B. Cooper <pmt6sbc@maths.leeds.ac.uk>
Date: Sat, 9 Apr 2005 15:30:53 +0100 (BST)
Subject: Conference in Amsterdam on New Computational Paradigms
CALL FOR PARTICIPATION
COMPUTABILITY IN EUROPE 2005: NEW COMPUTATIONAL PARADIGMS (CiE 2005)
http://www.illc.uva.nl/CiE/
June 8 - June 12, 2005
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
The organizers of CiE 2005 cordially invite researchers working in all
areas of computability theory, ranging from mathematics to computer
science, to participate in the conference taking place in Amsterdam in
June 2005.
CiE 2005 is an interdisciplinary venue for researchers from computer
science and mathematics focusing on New Computational Paradigms. These
include prominently connections between computation and physical systems
but also higher mathematical models of computation. The researchers from
the different communities will exchange ideas, approaches and techniques
in their respective work, thereby generating a wider community for work on
computational issues that allows uniform approaches to diverse areas, the
transformation of theoretical ideas into applicable projects, and general
cross-fertilization transcending disciplinary borders.
PLENARY TALKS:
Three-hour tutorials - Harry Buhrman (Amsterdam), Klaus Weihrauch (Hagen).
Plenary talks - Samson Abramsky (Oxford), Joel D. Hamkins (New York NY),
Ulrich Kohlenbach (Darmstadt), Jan van Leeuwen (Utrecht), Yuri
Matiyasevich (St.Petersburg), Yiannis Moschovakis (Athens/Los Angeles CA),
Gheorghe Paun (Bucharest), Uwe Schoening (Ulm).
Introductory lecture - Andrew Hodges (Oxford).
SPECIAL SESSIONS:
Biological Computation
Organiser: Thomas Baeck (Leiden).
Complexity
Organiser: Elvira Mayordomo (Zaragoza).
Epistemology and Methodology of Computing
Organisers: Hartmut Fitz (Amsterdam) and Guglielmo Tamburrini (Pisa).
Proofs and Computation
Organisers: Arnold Beckmann (Swansea) and Laura Crosilla (Firenze).
Real Computation
Organiser: Abbas Edalat (Imperial College, London).
Relative Computation
Organisers: Barry Cooper (Leeds) and Andrea Sorbi (Siena).
SPONSORSHIP:
The conference is sponsored/supported by the Association for Symbolic
Logic (ASL), European Association for Theoretical Computer Science
(EATCS), Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Royal
Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW).
------------------------------
From: John W. Barrett <jwb@ic.ac.uk>
Date: Thu, 7 Apr 2005 20:47:13 +0100
Subject: Lectureship at Imperial College, London
Imperial College, London is advertising a Lectureship in Numerical Analysis
(Closing date 30 April 2005).
For details see www.ma.ic.ac.uk
------------------------------
From: Stefano Micheletti <mike@mate.polimi.it>
Date: 06 Apr 2005 12:56:38 +0200
Subject: Junior Researcher Positions at Politecnico di Milano
Grants for Junior Researcher positions on Computational Electromagnetism
at MOX - Modeling and Scientific Computing, Politecnico di Milano,
Milan, Italy.
Two one-year research grants (renewable to another year) are available
for graduates in Applied Mathematics, Engineering or Physics.
A PhD in the same areas is welcome but not strictly necessary.
The researchers will operate within an existing project titled
Design of optical devices based on self-aggregating nano-structured
materials produced electrochemically,
and will strongly collaborate with the other partners of the project:
- DCM, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering,
Politecnico di Milano (Prof. Pietro Luigi Cavallotti);
- DEI, Department of Electronics and Information, Politecnico di Milano
(Prof. Mario Martinelli);
- EPFL, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
(CMCS, Prof. Alfio Quarteroni);
- CoreCom, Consortium for Researches in Optical Processing and
Switching, Politecnico di Milano and Pirelli Cables and System S.p.A.
(external partner).
Candidates are required to submit their curriculum vitae,
possibly in pdf, to the address below.
For additional information, please contact
Stefano Micheletti
MOX - Modeling and Scientific Computing
Dipartimento di Matematica "F. Brioschi''
Politecnico di Milano
via Bonardi 9, I-20133 Milano, Italy
mailto: stefano.micheletti@mate.polimi.it
phone +39 02 23994541
fax +39 02 23994606
web-page http://mox.polimi.it
More information about the project can be found also at
http://mox.polimi.it/it/progetti/cariplo/
------------------------------
End of NA Digest
**************************
-------